Doggie

VACCINATIONS FOR DOGS

The causative agents intensify in dogs which live in cities, while their immunity against diseases becomes weaker because of various urban harms. With a well aligned vaccination program it's possible to form power of resistance against causative agents for urban dogs with a depleted immune system. In regard to the law, the vaccination against rabies – which can be also fatal for people – is a must. Dogs get their first vaccination against rabies at the age of 3-4 months, the second until their first year.

After that, they need to be vaccinated once a year. There are also more types of vaccination which aren't mandatory but medically advisable. The dog puppies are passively protected against various causative agents by their mother until they are 6 weeks old. At this time it's necessary to start immunising the puppies with a well aligned vaccination program.

In the vaccination there are inactive or depleted causative agents which can be defeated without getting ill, and in 10-12 days a weak protection evolves in the organism against the causative agent. Trustworthy protection against the strong causative agent can be attained by having the vaccinations repeated.

Even a weakened causative agent can try a puppy (they can be woozy for a day), and because of this, the vaccination can be given only to healthy animals. Invermination, fleas, undernourishment are frequent debilitant factors, so regular antiverminattion, bolhaűzés and proper nutrition are essential for the right efficacy of the vaccination.

The advisable vaccination program of the clinic for urban dogs are the following:

7th week: Vaccination against parvoviral diaorrhea
9th week: Combined vaccination (Parvoviral diaorrhea, distemper, infectious hepatitis, leptospirosis, kennel cough, coronaviral diaorrhea)
11th week: Combined repeater
13th week: Vaccination against rabies
6th month: Combined repeater
1th year: Combined and rabies repeater

Other vaccination possibilities:

It's possible to guard against Lyme disease and Babesiosis in sheep-tick-dangerous places! It's possible to guard against Kennel cough (mostly recommended for younger dogs, and for those who often meet other dogs,e.g: dog-school, dog-pension, etc.) Microsporiasis vaccination for fungus is to prevent dermatomycosis, or often for curing it.

NEUTERING OF FEMALE DOGS

There are more reasons to neuter female dogs:

Defense against unwanted reproduction

The dogs are reproductive animals. After becoming sexually mature, the female dogs are in heat twice a year. Prevention of more dogs becoming homeless is part of the responsible ownership.

Parry of the symptoms:

Usually, the dogs are in heat every half year and it lasts 2 or 3 weeks. In such case, bloody vaginal flow is typical. It may cause inconvenience in the house, and problems on the streets because of the male dogs gathering around the dog in heat.

Disease prevention

It is important to neuter female dogs to prevent diseases. If the animal is older, abnormal ovary-function is common, and even ovary-cyst or uterus-inflammation may evolve. Neutering is not only important to prevent inflamed genital diseases, but it also prevents the evolution of tumorous diseases. If the neutering is made in the first few years of the dog, it abates the chance of breast cancer.

Curing

In case of uterus inflammation, other serious uterus mutation or serious ovary mutation, the neutering should be made as therapy. Besides some diseases, the neutering may be useful, so in case of diabetes or some epileptic diseases, it may be necessary.

Information about the neutering of female dogs

The oestrus can be prevented or suspended by hormone preparations, but it is not suggestible for a long term because it may lead to uterus inflammation. It is a good temporary solution, if we would like to have some puppies in the future. The final and certain abolition of oestrus is the surgery. The neutering surgery is usually made after the dog becomes sexually mature. During the surgery, the dog is under anaesthesia, so it is worth to let the dog starve a day before. In case of healthy uteral horns (cornu uteri), ovary removal may be done. In other cases, the uteral horns are also removed. The abdominal cuts are closed in layers, the skin inclusions are removed in 12 days. To prevent licking, the dog gets a protective collar. According to the misbelief, dogs gain weight after neutering. Our dog may gain weight after neutering, if we don't feed it according to it's needs. After the surgery, the sexual activity ceases, so the dog may have more energy and time to eat. It is important not to overfeed our pet after neutering, we should rather give less food.

NEUTERING OF MALE DOGS

There are more reasons to castrate male dogs:

Defense against unwanted reproduction:

The dogs are reproductive animals. After becoming sexually mature, the female dogs are in heat twice a year. Prevention of more dogs becoming homeless is part of the responsible ownership.

In case of hyperaggressive behavior and dogs being outrageously horny

Some male dogs are as dominant, aggressive or offensive to other male dogs, that it is only possible to take them to dog communities or for a simple walk after neutering. In case of hypersexuality,castration may be needed, if this kind of behaviour disrupts our morality.

Therapeutical purpose

In elderly age, we don't encounter such prostate problems, severe prostate enlargement, postate cysts, prostate abscesses, prostate tumors in case of which neutering is needed. It is because of the lack of testosterone, the prostate may completely atrophy. Besides castration, the prostate problem should also be treated. In case of testicle tumors or other serious testicle mutations, surgical removal of testicles may be necessary. In case of hormone dependent tumors around the rectum, neutering may be needed. Besides this, neutering may also be needed in case of perineal hernia due to prostate enlargement.

What dog owners should know about castration:

During the surgery, the dog is under anaesthesia, so it is worth to let the dog starve a day before. During the surgery, the testicles are removed. In case of smaller dogs, the testicles can be removed through a small (ca. 3 cm) wound. In larger dogs, the testicles and the scrotum are both removed. The surgical cuts are closed in layers, the skin inclusions are removed in 12 days. To prevent licking, the dog gets a protective collar. According to the misbelief, dogs gain weight after neutering. Our dog may gain weight after neutering, if we don't feed it according to it's needs. After the surgery, the sexual activity ceases, so the dog may have more energy and time to eat. It is important not to overfeed our pet after neutering, we should rather give less food.

Nutrition

How much?

Puppies are separated from their mothers at 6 to 8 weeks of age, at the earliest. Switching from milk to solid food should be gradual, not sudden. If the puppy has already consumed solid food before weaning time, the intestinal system will easily adapt. After separation, cow milk is no longer advisable because it can easily cause fermentation, bloating, diarrhea, and, in rare cases, milk allergies.

Puppies up to 3 months old can eat up to 5 times per day. When they are 6 months old it should be decreased to 3 times a day and to twice a day when they reach one year. After one year, it can be possible to decrease meals further, to once per day. When full maturity is reached, fasting can be done once a week, which is mainly recommended in dogs susceptible to obesity.

Food should not be available to the dog at all times and any that is not eaten within 15 minutes should be taken away. It is important that feeding occurs after any big movements, long walks, or play. Intense movement on a gastrointestinal disorder can easily occur. The amount of food is always given for the dog's condition and actual needs.

Room temperature water should always be available to the dog. In the case of illness, hot bitter tea can also be given. Soups and vegetable juices are also suitable for supplementing the fluid.

What?

A compilation of homemade food can be given, but we can also feed canned food to our dogs. Homemade food always contains protein and a garnish (fruits or vegetables). Young, pregnant, or diseased animals may need up to 30-40% protein in their diets whereas 20-30% of protein is enough for healthy adults.

With some diseases, the patient can only have a small amount of protein. Animal-derived proteins, which are mainly heat-treated, often come into consideration, although proteins of vegetable origin (e.g. soy) may be added. Do not feed raw protein. As a source of animal protein, all types of cooked meat (poultry, beef, pork, horse, rabbit, lamb, game), dairy products (yoghurt, kefir, cheese, curd cheese) and boiled eggs can be added. Garnish with cooked rice, noodles, cooked vegetables, muesli, puffed rice, baked goods, household biscuits, dry bread, fruit, or potatoes. Homemade food should never be made spicy.

What not?

It is not beneficial to give pure bone but, if they are given, after feeding is best. It is more advantageous to add bony meat to the garnish, but not in large quantities. Bone meat can be given from 3-4 months old at the earliest, but it is recommended for them to chew large cylindrical bones (e.g. beef leg) in order to facilitate the changing of teeth.

Do not add splintering, sharp (e.g. chicken wing) or bones which can be swallowed (e.g. swine vertebrae). Older dog should be given bones in small quantities, with caution, since their intestinal functions are weaker and often the teeth are flawed. Large amounts of bone can cause constipation in younger animals, so this should be avoided by all means. Puppies love to take a variety of foreign objects into their mouths, which can be dangerous when swallowed. Yarn, thread, string from a chewed blanket, fabric, swallowed small toys, pebbles, chestnuts, walnuts and peach seeds can all easily cause a bowel obstruction.

Walks

How many?

Puppies should not be allowed to walk in the streets or other places where they can meet other dogs until they have adequate protection against major dog diseases. In order to achieve the proper immune status, puppies should be vaccinated according to a well-defined vaccine program.

Optimally, a series vaccinations would begin at 6-8 weeks of age, and the puppy can be taken for its first walk at 12-14 weeks of age. Dogs can be walked any number of times per day, however, it is advisable to have at least three walks daily so they can relieve themselves. A dog with access to or kept in the garden should still be walked.

When?

Walks can be had any time of the day but keep in mind that dogs should be let out to relieve themselves every 8 hours at least.

Where?

It is best to walk in nature however, if it is difficult to reach, then you can visit the natural green areas, or dog trails and parks. From an epidemiological point of view, it is important to clean up the droppings. Dogs should not be able to eat droppings of another dog or animal, pick up strange objects, or drink from puddles. In busy places, it is important to use a leash and it is mandatory to use a muzzle on vehicles. For smaller dogs, the use of the harness is more favorable, where the collar is ideal for larger dogs.

A collar is good if you have a tag with a phone number and name as well as a tag for the rabies vaccine. In the vicinity of the waterside, more attention should be paid to the epidemiological aspects, and the appropriate vaccinations should be given. Swimming in natural waters is not without risk, it is only gradually and cautiously advisable. It is best for the first swim to be in shallow standing water on a warm summer day. For long-eared breeds, it is best to use ear plugs when swimming.

In addition, the risk of ticks at the waterfronts and in the forests is higher, so proper prevention is indispensable. The vaccine for tick-mediated Lyme disease is also recommended. In addition, strict adherence to a regular, broad-spectrum de-worming should be applied.

Bathing?

It is not necessary to bathe puppies until they can go outside. If they get very dirty, because they were soaked in something, wash them with clean, lukewarm tap water up to the dog's chest in a washbasin or bathtub. If only a small area is dirty it can be cleaned with a warm, wet towel. Adult dogs should only be bathed if they are dirty. Usually it is enough to wash the legs, feet, and underbelly. However, if a dog is regularly bathed, it is most often done monthly because more frequent bathing dries out the skin. For bathing, baby shampoo is best. It is not advised to use various expensive shampoos, many of which can have a detrimental effect on sensitive skin.

However, in the case of various skin disorders, excellent therapeutic shampoos are available. The shampoo is always diluted in the bath water and placed on the dog's fur, after which it should be thoroughly rinsed off with lukewarm tap water. Do not dip the dog's head under the water or get shampoo in the eyes and ears. After bathing, dry the dog with a soft dry towel and let it shake itself off. Then, the fur should be brushed. In colder weather, it is advisable for the dog to stay inside for one hour or until fully dry.

If the fur is not shiny or healthy after bathing and brushing, you may want to give skin nourishing vitamins. It is a good idea to bathe before applying flea treatments so that the active ingredient can better penetrate the skin. After using these products, however, it is certainly not advisable to get the fur wet for several days.

Grooming?

Regular grooming is necessary for some dog breeds. For health reasons, it is advisable to emphasize the care of the eyes, mouth, ear, toes, and rectum, for which it is preferable to ask a veterinarian. Hair around the eyes does not damage the cornea, however tears collecting in the hair of the inner corners and underneath the eyes can be unhealthy. Hairs hanging around the mouth may also get food stuck in them. Dogs with longer ears tend to be prone to inflammation and infection, so they need to be taken care of.

The fur between the toes and in the ears should be trimmed to prevent awns (grass seeds) getting stuck. For long haired dogs, it is also a good idea to trim fur in their armpits to prevent mats. Overgrown nails should be trimmed regularly. In some individuals, emptying of the anal glands is not done with the excretion of feces, which causes difficult defecation, bottom dragging, or scooting. In this case, it is essential to have your veterinarian express the glands.

VACCINATIONS

PARVOVIRAL GUT INFLAMMATION

Introduction:

Enteritis due to parvovirus is the most dangerous infectious disease of young dogs. The causative agent spreads via stool.

Symptoms:

After a few days of incubation, low fever, fever, enervation, lack of appetite occurs, and then the causative agent – impairing the squamous cells seriously – causes bloody diarrhea and vomiting with the attendance of consequent dehydration.

Prevention, treatment:

The maternal immunity protects the puppies against parvoviral gut inflammation until their 5-6 weeks of age, but it is important to start the active immunisation of the puppies with vaccination against parvovirus in their 6-7th week of age.

In case of disease, the gut inflammation can be treated symptomatically. Fluid supplement, protection against causative agents and givin serum is very important.

CORONAVIRAL GUT INFLAMMATION

Introduction:

In case of coronaviral gut inflammation, in young dogs, the surface of the mucous membrane of the gut may be damaged, causing severe diarrhea for days. The causative agent spreads easily via stool.

Symptoms:

After a few days of incubation, lack of appetite, prostration, sometimes low fever, water-like diarrhea, vomiting occurs, the puppies may dehydrate due to the fluid loss. Damage of the mucous membrane of the gut, due to virus, bacterial associate-infection may occur.

Prevention, treatment:

After the 6th week of age of puppies, we can be on the defensive against infection by vaccinating the dogs twice. (with a 2 weeks interval).

It is possible to choose between vaccinations: one component corona-.vaccination or more-component combined vaccination which contains coronavirus.

Treatment of the disease is general,symptomical treatment of gut inflammation; infusion liquid is usually indispensable.

DISTEMPER

Introduction:

In young dogs and ferrets, viral disease is very dangerous, it even may be fatal and can also cause permanent damages in adult dogs. The causative agent spreads quickly via infected secretions, especially nasal secretion.

Symptoms:

After a few days of incubation, serious symptoms – which evolve suddenly – may develop in young dogs; while in older dogs the symtoms are less serious, and they evolve during a longer time.

In younger dogs, high fever is typical, in older dogs, rather subfebrillity, then lack of appetite, droop, catarrhic flow of the eye and nose, in case of bacterial ear infection purulent nasal flow and rarely diarrhea and vomiting occurs.

Nervous systemic symptoms are typical, cramps of various muscle groups (tic) and even paralysis may evolve.

In chronic cases, the nasal mirror and the foot pillows are dry cracked. In pregnant animals miscarriage may occur.

In case of foetal infection, the toothgerm may be damaged, causing enamel-errors in the adulthood. The centric cerebrum inflammation may cause permanent epileptic symptoms later.

In ferrets, the runoff of the disease is faster. The symptoms may develop in a few hours, the nervous systemic symtoms are more dominant and the fall is more common.

Prevention, treatment:

By giving a combined vaccination for the puppies older than 2 or 3 months, in a two weeks period twice, a basic protection can be formed, which can be maintained with repeated vaccinations.

In case of disease, we can only apply symptomatic treatment, but in puppies its outcome is quite uncertain.

INFECTIOUS LIVER INFLAMMATION (RUBARTH-DISEASE)

Introduction:

The infectious liver inflammation of dogs is caused by adenovirus. It may cause a quick and dangerous disease which generally spreads via infected urine, especially in young dogs.

Symptoms:

After a few days of period of incubation, the dog becomes prostate, high fever, bloodshots, jaundice, vomiting, possibly liquid infiltration and cramps may occur, even fall may happen.

Cornea-oedema may also occur, which may cause typical blue-ish darkening on both eyes, so it is also called "blue eye disease". Usually, adult dogs manage to survive the disease with more moderate symptoms.

Prevention, treatment:

Adenovirus is present in combined vaccinations, so if the dogs are regularly vaccinated, the disease occurs rarely.

In case of disease, only symptomatic treatment can be applied.

LEPTOSPIROSIS

Introduction:

Various kinds of leptospira bacteria are not rare in the environment, mostly in water polluted with infectious urine; but luckily, nowadays leptospirosis manifesting in symptoms rarely evolves in dogs, thanks to the combined vaccinations.

Symptoms:

After a few weeks of period of incubation, in younger dogs high fever, dejection, lack of appetite, then jaundice, sometimes cramps occur. Older dogs manage to survive often without symptoms, but severe kidney disfunction may evolve.

Prevention, treatment:

Although it is a bacterial infection, leptospira is present in combined vaccinations, so we can defend against the disease.

Treatment with antibiotics, started in the right time, the treatment of the disease may be successful.

RABIES

Introduction:

Rabies is an incurable, viral disease which is also dangerous for human. Carnivore animals have a significant role in its interposal. The causative agent spreads via saliva, usually by bite.

By having the dogs and the bait of the foxes vaccinated, rabies is rare nowadays, but every time someone is bitten by a meat-eating animal, it should be thought about; the physician and the official veterinarian should be informed. In such a case, the rabies-suspicious animal should be monitored for 2 weeks, the bitten human should get anti-rabies vaccination series.

Symptoms:

After the bite, the virus –going along the nerves- gets to the systematic nervous system, causing severe symptoms of the nervous system. Consciousness-disorder, behavior-disorder, cramps, aggressive behavior, attacking ability, salivaton due to swallowing heaviness, foaming mouth then paralysis, drowning. There is also a silent form of rabies, when instead of the aggressive symptoms weird kindness of the wild animal may appear. For example, the rabid fox ventures to the human, or attacks the approaching human or animal from a hiding position.

Diagnosis:

Certain diagnosis can be set up from immune-fluorescenic examination of the brain tissue of the fallen animal.

Prevention:

In our country, there is a law about the obligatory anti-rabies vaccination for dogs. Each dog should be vaccinated in their 3rd-4th months of age with a one component rabies vaccination, and a year after, it should be repeated. After that, the dogs should be vaccinated every year.

Although there is no law about, it is worth to vaccinate ferrets and cats that meet other animals.

In case of travelling abroad with meat-eating animals (dogs, cats, ferrets), the anti-rabies vaccination is obligatory.

TICK-BORNE DISEASES

Babesiosis

Introduction:

The most common tick-borne infection in dogs is Babesiosis. This is caused by a bite from an infected tick, when the parasite Babesia is transmitted to the bloodstream of the animal.

Symptoms:

Symptoms of this disease usually appear one week after the tick bite. It has quite severe symptoms, which can include high fever, lethargy, and lack of appetite. The parasites multiply in the erythrocytes, while destroying them, causing anemia, pale mucous membranes, and fatigue.

This anemia, caused by the destruction of the red blood cells can dye the urine dark brown. This may also cause jaundice, yellow mucous membranes and, in case of severe infection, it may cause severe kidney failure symptoms, with an increase in drinking and urination and, vomiting. The disintegrated red blood cells may also cause enlargement of the spleen or liver.

Diagnosis:

In addition to a complete history, the veterinarian will do a physical examination and blood test to diagnose Babesiosis.

Prevention and Treatment:

It is very important to prevent the disease by using products effective against ticks and other external parasites. There is now a vaccination against dog babesiosis. It is important to begin the anti-babesiosis treatment as soon as possible to avoid serious symptoms and complications.

There is medication against the parasite, but also other symptomatic treatment (eg. hematopoiesis support, fluid therapy to prevent kidney failure, treatment against secondary infections) may be required.

Lyme Disease

Introduction:

Similar, in many respects, to the human disease, the infection in dogs is spread by ticks infected by Borrellia. Since there is generally a long incubation time, fluctuation of the dog's condition is typical (sometimes being asymptomatic, sometimes having a fever or a limp). Unfortunately, as the symptoms are diverse, accurate diagnosis is often delayed, which can increase the onset of complications.

Symptoms:

Symptoms usually occur several weeks, or even months, after the tick bite. The migratory redness typical of a human infection is not necessarily seen in dogs, and is not easy to notice because of their fur. Low grade fever (high fever is not typical), loss of appetite, and lethargy are usual symptoms. Characteristic hind limb weakness and swaying can also be seen. Permanent limping can be caused by chronic articular degeneration. The pathogen may also attack the heart muscle as well.

Diagnosis:

Suspicion of the disease can be confirmed by blood tests.

Prevention and Treatment:

Defense against ticks is the most important factor in preventing Lyme Disease. Tick repellent products should always be used and it is necessary to look through our pet's fur after walking, especially through wooded or grassy areas. If a tick is found, it should be carefully removed as soon as possible, preferably with a tick-remover.

There is a vaccination against Lyme Disease which can protect against the disease.

Full recovery is possible, if the diagnosis is made in time, and full course of antibiotics is taken.

DOG DISEASES

Infectious diseases which can be prevented by vaccination:
Parvoviral gut combustion, coronaviral gut combustion, distemper, infectious hepatitis, leptospirosis, rabies, herpesviral infection, kennel cough
Oral problems:
odontolithiasis, epulis, staying milk teeth, papillomatosis
Gut problems:
Gut combustion, gutflora dislocation, bowel obstruction, intestinal blockage
Respiratory problems:
tracheal stenosis, asthma
Skin problems
allergy, skin inflammation, dermatomycosis, hair-follicle acarus, anal glands inflammation
Inner and outer parasites:
Fleas, sheep-tick infections (babesiosis, lyme disease), invermination
Urinary and uteral problems:
bladder inflammation, incontinentia, prostate problems, uterus inflammation
Eye problems:
Entorpium, Ectropium, third eyelid gland prolapse
Ear problems:
glume, external acustic meatus inflammation, eardrum inflammation, labyrinthitis (middle-ear inflammation), Othaematoma, ear-scabbiness
Locomotoric and neurological problems:
disk hernitation, epilepsy
Hormonal diseases:
diabetes, insufficient production of thyroid hormones, adrenocortical hyperfunction
Intoxication

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

PARVOVIRAL GUT INFLAMMATION

Introduction:

Enteritis due to parvovirus is the most dangerous infectious disease of young dogs. The causative agent spreads via stool.

Symptoms:

Prevention, treatment:

In case of disease, the gut inflammation can be treated symptomatically. Fluid supplement, protection against causative agents and givin serum is very important.

CORONAVIRAL GUT INFLAMMATION

Introduction:

In case of coronaviral gut inflammation, in young dogs, the surface of the mucous membrane of the gut may be damaged, causing severe diarrhea for days. The causative agent spreads easily via stool.

Symptoms:

Prevention, treatment:

After the 6th week of age of puppies, we can be on the defensive against infection by vaccinating the dogs twice. (with a 2 weeks interval).

It is possible to choose between vaccinations: one component corona-.vaccination or more-component combined vaccination which contains coronavirus.

Treatment of the disease is general,symptomical treatment of gut inflammation; infusion liquid is usually indispensable.

DISTEMPER

Introduction:

Symptoms:

After a few days of incubation, serious symptoms – which evolve suddenly – may develop in young dogs; while in older dogs the symtoms are less serious, and they evolve during a longer time.

Nervous systemic symptoms are typical, cramps of various muscle groups (tic) and even paralysis may evolve.

In chronic cases, the nasal mirror and the foot pillows are dry cracked. In pregnant animals miscarriage may occur.

In case of foetal infection, the toothgerm may be damaged, causing enamel-errors in the adulthood. The centric cerebrum inflammation may cause permanent epileptic symptoms later.

In ferrets, the runoff of the disease is faster. The symptoms may develop in a few hours, the nervous systemic symtoms are more dominant and the fall is more common.

Prevention, treatment:

By giving a combined vaccination for the puppies older than 2 or 3 months, in a two weeks period twice, a basic protection can be formed, which can be maintained with repeated vaccinations.

In case of disease, we can only apply symptomatic treatment, but in puppies its outcome is quite uncertain.

INFECTIOUS LIVER INFLAMMATION (RUBARTH-DISEASE)

Introduction:

The infectious liver inflammation of dogs is caused by adenovirus. It may cause a quick and dangerous disease which generally spreads via infected urine, especially in young dogs.

Symptoms:

After a few days of period of incubation, the dog becomes prostate, high fever, bloodshots, jaundice, vomiting, possibly liquid infiltration and cramps may occur, even fall may happen.

Prevention, treatment:

Adenovirus is present in combined vaccinations, so if the dogs are regularly vaccinated, the disease occurs rarely.

In case of disease, only symptomatic treatment can be applied.

LEPTOSPIROSIS

Introduction:

Symptoms:

Prevention, treatment:

Although it is a bacterial infection, leptospira is present in combined vaccinations, so we can defend against the disease.

Treatment with antibiotics, started in the right time, the treatment of the disease may be successful.

RABIES

Introduction:

Rabies is an incurable, viral disease which is also dangerous for human. Carnivore animals have a significant role in its interposal. The causative agent spreads via saliva, usually by bite.

Symptoms:

Diagnosis:

Certain diagnosis can be set up from immune-fluorescenic examination of the brain tissue of the fallen animal.

Prevention:

Although there is no law about, it is worth to vaccinate ferrets and cats that meet other animals.

In case of travelling abroad with meat-eating animals (dogs, cats, ferrets), the anti-rabies vaccination is obligatory.

(ZÁLLATORVOS)

HERPESVIRAL INFECTION

Introduction:

The herpes-virus of the dog is principally dangerous for the pregnant female dog, its foetus and the puppies. It is also called as infectious puppy-death. In adult dogs, the infection is usually symptom-less, but the drain of the virus is a long process for the dogs which had the infection.

Symptoms:

In females, the infection may cause barrenness, in case of pregnancy, fall of the foetus, decreased number of litter, uterus infection. The infected newborn puppies do not suckle properly, do not grow, often have watery diarrhea, even nervous systematic symptoms may occur then they die.

Prevention:

The only certain way to prevent the herpes virus is the vaccination which should be given after mating and repeated 2 weeks before the delivery.

KENNEL (CONTAGIOUS) – CAUGH

Introduction:

The diagnosis which is similar to the human flu is indicated by the paraflu virus of dogs which spreads via infected secretions, especially caughing, so it spreads very quickly in kennels and other places crowded with dogs. The viral infection may be aggravated by secondary bacterial infections (mostly Bordatella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella multocida).

Symptoms:

After a few days of incubation, temperature, discomfort may occur, initially contiguous, dry, crackling, goose-gabble-like cough is typical, then it may become purulent due to the catarrhic infections; and the windpipe inflammation may develop to severe pneumonia.

Prevention, treatment:

Dogs often meeting other dogs (in kennels, dog pensions, dog schools), especially the younger ones,it is recommended to defend them against kennel cough, to do so, there is a vaccine which should be dropped into the ears; local immunity evolves.

The vaccine is also for the treatment of the disease, but in case of disease, antibiotics and mucus-looseners for the airways infection are given.

ORAL PROBLEMS

PLAQUE – Cremor dentalis

Introduction:

Plaque is a very common problem of the carnivore animals. The alkaline mouth ph and the bacteria flora of the mouth is definitely favourable for fur forming on the surface of the teeth, then the plaque.

Symptoms:

Not just oral hygienic problems, but gum inflammation is caused by the plaque, and the causative agents which get into the blood circulation along the inflamed gum, may even get to the further organs.

The first symptom of the gum inflammation is redness of the gums rim which bleeds easily. In case of acute gum inflammation, irreversible ulathopy may develop. The teeth may loosen due to the plaque.

The bacteria getting to the blood circulation from the alveolic inflammation often cause inflammation on the heart valves, which may lead to heart valve insuffiency. Inflamed plexus in the kidneys, liver or in other organs may occur.

Prevention, treatment:

Prevention is very important! The smaller dog breeds are more susceptible to have plaque, so the prevention should be started in the puppy age. At first, it is sufficient to have the puppy let us touch its mouth or teeth. There are more ways to defend against plaque forming, but the most important one is the mechanical tooth-cleaning, toth-brushing. There are plaque-forming reducer nutrition supplements. Some kinds of dry foods are good against plaque. Chewing tapes can also be used.

If our pet is succeptible for having plaque, it can only be detained, and not totally prevented. Some animals let the mild type of plaque be picked from their teeth while they are awake, but proper plaque removal is only possible with ultrasound depuration, which is only tolerated by animals while they are drugged. Besides ultrasound plaque removal, local treatment of gum inflammation and antibiotics are often necessary. In some cases, the treatment of diseases in further organs is needed.

Gum overgrowth (Epulis)

Introduction:

Overgrowth of the gum is a benign process. It is a common problem in short nosed breeds.

Symptoms:

At first, it is an aesthetic problem, then the food leftovers stay in the areas under the overgrowth which causes bad breath and gum inflammation, plaque may evolve from the permanent fur. Not rarely, the epulis leans on the tooth, causing chewing problems, one-sided chewing and when the animal bites on the epulis, it causes bleeding. In extreme cases, the epulis may grow totally on the tooth.

Permanent milk-teeth (PERSISTENTIA DENTIS)

Introduction:

In small dogs, the problem of having the permanent tooth grown next to the milk tooth is not rare. Normally, the change of teeth starts when the puppies are 3-4 months old, and ends until they are 6 months old. First, the upper then the lower incisors change. The problem is most common with the long rooted cuspids. In breeds with narrow jaw-bones (e.g. Yorkshire terrier), problems with the change of incisors and grinders may occur.

Symptoms:

If the milk cuspids do not fall out, it may hold down the proper scissory shut of the permanent tooth, and the food leftovers may stay inside in those areas, so it may lead to gum inflammation and later plaque.

Treatment:

If the double dentation does not start until the 8th months of age, pulling out the milk teeth is recommended, which should be made with the dog drugged.

PAPILLOMATOSIS

Introduction:

In young dogs, especially if their ability of defense does not work properly, it is not rare that white cauliflower-like accessions grow on the oral mucosa. It is caused by Papova-virus. The organization produces anti-bodies agains Papova-virus, so the accessions may disappear without treatment.

Symptoms:

The viral accessions only cause aesthetic probems, but if they are close to the chewing surface, they may cause one-sided chewing or bleeding if the dog bites on them. Besides the mucosa of the mouth, viral accessions may develop next to the anus or around the genitals.

Treatment:

In milder cases, no treatment is needed. If many papillomas have evolved, immune strengtheners are recommended to use. In case of bigger accessions, they should be burned by thermocauter. If the papillomatosis is very severe, after removing the accessions, autovaccine may be prepared from their scrubbing.

GUT PROBLEMS

Gut inflammation (ENTERITIS)

Introduction:

Gut inflammation can evolve due to many reasons. It may be caused by infectiong agent (bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus), spoiled food, toxic material (e.g. chemicals, drugs which irritate the gut mucosa) or food intolerance.

Symptoms:

Symptoms are the following: liquid faeces, possibly loss of housetrainedness, vomiting. In case of colon inflammation, mostly pappy, soft faeces can be notices.

Diagnosis:

Usually, a diagnosis can be made according to the anamnesis, symptoms, physical examination; but sometimes stool-examination or abdominal ultrasound test is needed to get the exact diagnosis.

Treatment:

In all cases, fasting, tea, diet and causal treatment (pl. antibiotics), possibly probiotics. In severe cases, if the patient has lost a big amount of liquids with diarrhea or vomiting, an infusion may be needed.

Gut-flora shifting (DYSBIOSIS)

Introduction

The gut flora of animals adjusts to their nutrition, and normally, if the composition of their food does not change, the bacteria in the guts mould balance and help the proper digestion. In case of sudden food change, or under the effects of medicines affecting gut bacteria (e.g. antibiotics), the balance of the gut flora may turn over, dysbiosis happens.

Symptoms:

Mild or diarrheic stool, absorption disorders, lack of vitamins, weight loss.

Diagnosis:

It can be stated with stool tests whether the symptoms are caused by bacteria or the difference of the normal gut flora.

Treatment:

Probiotics, diet, perhaps vitamin supplement.

Intestinal volvulus

Bevezetés:

Fortunately, it is a rare problem, with a doubtful prognostication.

Symptoms:

Suddenly evolving abdominal pain, vomiting, quickly worsening condition, acute collapse of the blood circulation, dry and purplish mucosa, usual weakness.

Diagnosis:

Profound physical examination and abdominal ultrasound is indispensable.

Treatment:

The only way to treat it is the surgery, within a few hours. Usually gut excising and careful post-treatment is needed.

GUT DISCLOSURE (ILEUS)

Introduction:

The most common reason of ileus is swallowing objects, which can block the gut cavity. Less common is the gut obliterated by disease processes starting from the gut wall, mostly gut tumour may block the gut cavity. Rarely, other problems of the stomach cavity may compress the gut cavity from outside, causing ileus.

Symptoms:

The typical symptom of total ileus is vomiting. The closer the obliteration to the stomach is, the heavier the vomiting is. After a few time, there is no stool. Lack of appetite, abdominal pain, abdominal cramps, gassy guts, ever bigger stomach, deteriorative condition, dejectedness is common. If the obliteration is not complete, namely something partially blocks the gut cavity, the symptoms are less visible, for example vomiting, slow weight loss, bad appetite, smaller amount of stool may be noticed.

Diagnosis:

If ileus is suspected, fast and exact diagnosis is very important for which profound physical examination followed by contrasty X-ray and abdominal ultrasound test are essential.

Treatment:

Usually, surgery is necessary as soon as possible (cutting or sometimes excising), and later conservative post-treatment.

RESPIRATORY PROBLEMS

TRACHEAL CONSTICTION (TRACHEACOLLAPSUS)

Introduction:

Tracheal constriction is a common problem is small sized breeds, but sometimes it also happens in large sized dogs. The constriction of the windpipes may be a congenital problem, it may affect the whole amount of the windpipe, but it is more common, that it affects only a section of it.

Symptoms:

Goose-gabble-like caugh and drowning due to excitement. Annoying and sometimes frightening symptoms.

Diagnosis:

Tracheal constriction can be diagnosisd by eavesdropping with stethoscope or X-ray, and less common is the diagnosis made with endoscopy.

Treatment:

Medicinal treatment is usually sufficient, rarely surgery may be necessary.

ASTHMA

Introduction:

The inflammation of the lower respiratory tracts caused by allergy is called asthma. Mostly, the hypersensitivity reaction which evolved in the wall of the bronchias or the allergic inflammation is provoked by inhaled dust or pollens. The wall of the bronchias thickens, increased saliva production evolves, so the the cavity of bronchias may tighten. It is expressly common in cats.

Symptoms:

Serizure-like coughing, hampered respiration. Maybe other allergic symptoms, mostly scratching.

Diagnosis:

X-ray of the chest, maybe respiratory endoscopy and sampling.

Treatment:

The inhaler sprays which work well on humans are not accomplishable to use on animals, so besides the caugh soothers and mucosa looseners, the anti-allergic treatment has to be started.

SKIN PROBLEMS

ALLERGY

Introduction:

As it is with us, people, so is it with our pets: allergic diseases have become common. The urban lifestyle, the environmental harms and stress may reduce the general defense reactions of our pets; and in case of reduced immunity, the animals may react acutely to normal environmental harms, namely they show hypersensitivity reactions.

Types of allergy:

The most common allergic disease of animals is athopy which evolves by inhaling various pollens,and causes skin itching, allergic auditory tact inflammation and allergic conjunctivitis. But it may also cause allergic bronchitis in the bronchias or even asthmatic symptoms.

Nutrition allergy is also very common, in which case our pet shows allergic reactions to protein components of the food. The symptoms are the following: biting the end of the feet, itching of the mouth or the perianal area, occasionally digestive problems, even with diarrhea after eating the food the animal is allergic to.

Allergic skin inflammation may also occur besides having fleas, when flea-eczema evolves due to flea allergy.

In such cases, the organism of animals reacts to the proteins of the flea's saliva and flea stool, and the continous itching all over the body is caused by this, even after using flea killers.

Allergic skin inflammation may also evolve on defined areas, these are called hot-spots (burning-itching spots). These mostly occur on sweaty summer days, may associate with flea-allergy, and the dog bites itself out on the outer tigh edges.

Allergic reactions caused by the anal gland's secretin are also common which do not only cause the itching of the bottom and its area, but may cause allergic auditory tract inflammation aswell. Contact-allergy is known aswell. Direct contact with the allergen material causes local skin itching. Mostly, blankets made of synthetic fibre cause allergic skin inflammation on the abdomen or bowls made of metal may cause metal allergy around the mouth. The symptoms listed below usually evolve in days or weeks, but may also evolve suddenly (for example allergy to insect bites or even vaccinations). The quick healing of suddenly evolving allergies is very important.

Symptoms of the allergy:

Depending from the type of the allergy, various allergic symptoms may emerge. The allergen organ of animals is the integument, so the most common symptom is the itching or redness of the skin, the hair is broken due to scratching or chewing, secondary bacterial or fungal skin infections. The skin of the outer auditory tract is very sensitive, so the allergic auditory tract inflammation is common. In such case the ear's skin flushes, it burns, itches and secretion appears. In case of allergic conjunctivitis, the conjunctivas become red, they water and they may cause secondary serose nasal flow. In case of allergic respiratory disease, the seasonal respiratory symptoms – which emerge in the pollen season – are typical. For example allergic nasal mucosa inflammation, serose nasal flow, sneezing, allergic trachea inflammation and bronchia inflammation, coughing. In case of suddenly emerging hypersensitivity reactions, eye itching, swelling of the lips, skin itching all over the body, discomfort even with vomiting is typical.

Allergy diagnostics:

Exactly defining the types of allergy is not always an easy task, because some types of allergy may exist besides another and the secondary symptoms may cover the real problem. Following the human allergiology, the veterinarian allergy diagnostics has also developed a lot along the last few years. So there is opportunity to specifically demonstrate allergens, besides the treatments based on the ground of experiencing. This diagnostics can be made with skin tests, but there is also a blood test to demontstrate more allergen parameters with. During such a blood test, a hyposensibilating solution of allergic agents.

DERMATITIS

SKIN DISEASES

Ringworm (Dermatomycosis)

Introduction:

We often see dermatomycosis in pets as there are many environmental factors that can cause it. Things like local skin trauma (e.g. wounds caused by scratching or chronic moisture), a weak immune system (e.g. a prolonged illness), or a long-lasting course of antibiotics can increase the possibility of infection.
Symptoms:
In cases of dermatomycosis, the skin is often dry and flaky, but not itchy. Local and, in some cases, widespread alopecia can be seen. A red ring appears around the infected lesions which spread outward in a circular pattern.

Diagnosis:

Skin scraping for microscopic examination is most often used to detect and identify the possible fungus. The sample is also frequently sent for culture which helps to distinguish which antifungal medications will be effective against the infection.

Treatment:
The most common form of dermatomycosis is microsporidiosis, caused by Microsporum canis. However, there is a vaccine which has been proven to successfully eliminate it. In addition to antifungal drug therapy, there are many other treatments (e.g. topical treatments, environmental decontamination, etc.) that should be given to ensure proper healing.

Demodectic Mange (Demodicosis)

Introduction:

Demodicosis affects those who are immunocompromised (e.g. very young or old animals, prolonged illness, or certain medications), when the number of mites inhabiting the hair follicles and skin become excessive.
Symptoms:

Commonly, Demodicosis manifests as localized lesions on the face or feet, however, it can also be more generalized on any part of the body. Symptoms include alopecia, a redness of the skin (erythema), and the appearance of scales and lesions. Erythema must be monitored as it may indicate a secondary bacterial or fungal infection.

Diagnosis:

Skin scraping for microscopic examination is used to detect and identify Demodex mites.

Treatment:

For localized cases, topical anti-mite treatments are used. For more serious generalized cases, special shampoos and oral medications are added. In the event of a secondary infection, a course of antibiotic therapy will be required.

Sebaceous Cyst (Atheroma)

Sebaceous cysts are a benign skin condition that can form when sebum from a sebaceous gland, usually in a hair follicle, becomes blocked with dirt, debris, or scar tissue. The sebum will accumulate under the skin until, eventually, the cyst will burst and must be fully drained. Typically, this is all the treatment needed, however, in some cases (eg. infection, inflammation, or recurrence) surgical excision may be recommended.

External AND INTERNAL Parasites

Fleas

Introduction:

Fleas can be an inconvenience to both pets and their owners year round. They are very active ectoparasites that reproduce rapidly, infecting the surrounding environment (and hosts) with their eggs.

Symptoms:

Even just the sensation of fleas crawling on our pets can be enough to make them crazy; scratching and chewing wildly to stop the itching. It is not uncommon for flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) to also occur as many animals are allergic to flea saliva. In animals with FAD, the intense scratching and licking can lead to skin sores, hair loss, and, in some cases, hot spots.

If the infestation continues and the number of fleas grow over an extended period of time, anemia can occur from blood loss. Conjunctivitis can also occur if fleas make their way into the animal's eyes. Furthermore, fleas can play a role in transmitting tapeworm infestations. Hatching larval fleas feed on tapeworm eggs which develop, as the flea does, and when the adult flea is ingested by the animal, it too becomes infected.

Prevention and Treatment:

The most important part of flea treatment is prevention, with year-round anti-flea treatments from the veterinarian. In the case of flea infestation, all types of anti-flea treatments may be used (spot treatments, shampoos, etc.). If the infestation is severe, the animal's bedding and environment should also be treated with anti-flea spray as 90% of fleas and their eggs can be found there.

TICK-BORNE DISEASES

Babesiosis

Introduction:

The most common tick-borne infection in dogs is Babesiosis. This is caused by a bite from an infected tick, when the parasite Babesia is transmitted to the bloodstream of the animal.

Symptoms:

Diagnosis:

In addition to a complete history, the veterinarian will do a physical examination and blood test to diagnose Babesiosis.

Prevention and Treatment:

Lyme Disease

Introduction:

Symptoms:

Diagnosis:

Suspicion of the disease can be confirmed by blood tests.

Prevention and Treatment:

There is a vaccination against Lyme Disease which can protect against the disease.

Full recovery is possible, if the diagnosis is made in time, and full course of antibiotics is taken.

Intestinal Parasites

Introduction:

In carnivorous companion animals, intestinal parasitosis is often seen. Intestinal worms are not only repulsive but, they may be dangerous to us and cause serious illness in our animals. Infection is often caused by contact with infected feces, but infection through the placenta, followed by the mother's milk, is also common. Fleas can spread tapeworms as well. Decreased immune condition will increase the chances of infection, and helminthiasis itself can reduce the overall defensive ability. This is a very common problem among puppies.

Symptoms:

There are several different types of intestinal parasitosis. We most commonly see roundworms which are off-white, cylindrical, and thread-like but, may be spaghetti sized as well. Other nematodes commonly seen are hookworms, which are also off-white but flat and ribbon-like in appearance. There are also cestodes (most commonly referred to as tapeworm) which are flat, white worms made up of tiny segments, the size of grains of rice.

Regardless of the type of intestinal worm, the most common symptoms are: loss of appetite (and consequent weight loss), mucoid feces, diarrhea, anal pruritus, and, occasionally, worms or segments in the feces or vomit.

Diagnosis:

If the symptoms are not clear, parasitological examination of the feces should be performed.

Prevention and Treatment:

It is important to emphasize the necessity of giving deworming products to all carnivorous small animals on a regular basis. Adult worms release eggs and the eggs become infective within one month (depending on the type of worm) so it is possible to become infected at any time during the life cycle. It is recommended that puppies are treated with a de-wormer starting when they are 2-3 weeks old. It is often suggested to give a broad-spectrum antiparasitic at a quarterly rate for dogs that are frequently hiking or around other dogs, or for cats and ferrets who live outside, and for families with small children. Deworming, as well as Rabies vaccinations, are required by law every year. In addition to a broad-spectrum antiparasitic we must always remember antiflea treatments as fleas can spread tapeworms, which can infect humans as well.

Urinary AND UTERINE DISEASES

Bladder Inflammation (Cystitis)

Introduction:

Bladder inflammation can develop for a number of reasons, most commonly urinary tract pathogens (bacteria). Frequent inflammation can be due to mucous membrane damage caused by bladder stones or precipitated crystals in the urine, and may also be associated with bladder infection. Cystitis may develop urine retention (e.g. spinal cord injury), micturition problems, or incontinence. Occasionally, it may also be associated with other illnesses, as an incidental finding. Cystitis secondary to diabetes, when sugar in the urinary bladder or urinary tract may be a good breeding ground for pathogens, or immune deficiency diseases (e.g. Cushing's disease) are perfect examples of this.

Symptoms:

Frequent or painful urination, straining, bloody urine, genital licking, and redness can all be signs of cystitis.

Diagnosis:

In addition to a thorough physical examination, a urinalysis is required for diagnosis. Ultrasounds or abdominal radiography may be required if bladder stones are suspected.

Treatment:

After accurate diagnosis, bacterial bladder inflammation can be treated with targeted antibiotic therapy. In some cases, urinary crystals can be resolved with the help of a special urinary diet. Sometimes, as in the case with persistent bladder stones, surgical intervention is required.

Incontinence

Introduction:

There are several causes for urinary incontinence in dogs. The establishment of an accurate diagnosis is crucial for eliminating the unpleasant symptoms of incontinent dogs. A urinary tract infection or a disease associated with polydipsia (e.g. Diabetes) can cause urinary difficulties, but true incontinence occurs when urine is actually the underlying problem. The most common cause of incontinence is the weakness of the urinary sphincter. Incontinence can also be caused by hormone shortages in spayed females. In elderly animals, many problems with urinary incontinence may occur due to musculoskeletal problems or bladder innervation. For real incontinence in a young dog, urinary tract malformation should also be considered.

Symptoms:

An incontinent dog will seemingly forget it's toilet training, will frequently drip urine and leave urine spots on its bed or other often visited areas, and will have zero control over its bladder.

Treatment:

If possible, treatment should always be attempted. Depending on the cause, there are a number of treatment options available. Solutions can be suggested in the cases of a weak urinary sphincter muscle, deficiency of female sex hormones, disturbances in bladder innervation, and bladder malformation.

Prostate Enlargement

Introduction:

Middle-aged and elderly male dogs with prostate problems are continually increasing in numbers. Urban male dogs are under constant stimuli, during their walks, when encountering many female dogs. This causes an increased level of male sex hormones as they rarely are able to mate. The prostate is a bi-lobed glandular organ located in the rectum, straddling the urethra below the neck of the bladder.

Symptoms:

When benign prostatic hyperplasia develops it can cause unpleasant symptoms, most commonly urination problems. Multiple urination, intermittent urination, and urine with a thinner radius are typically seen. Less commonly, the enlarged prostate can cause difficulties with defecation. Prostate enlargement is also commonly associated with prostate inflammation (prostatitis), whereby most commonly occurring bacterial urinary tract infections may result in more severe symptoms, including: bloody dripping, bloody urine, and fatigue. Prostatic cysts or abscesses can also develop, causing enlargement, and the development of prostate cancer is not uncommon.

Treatment:

For the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, there are many conservative treatments available. Prostatitis may require prolonged antibiotic therapy. To resolve any problems with benign prostatic hyperplasia, neutering may be recommended. In the case of prostate cancer or prostatic lesions, surgery may also be considered.

Uterine Inflammation (Metritis) and Infection (Pyometra)

Introduction:
During estrus, when the cervix is opened, the uterus is more exposed to infection. If estrus is prolonged due to abnormal ovarian function the chance of metritis increases.

Symptoms:

Generally, the symptoms appear 3-8 weeks after estrus. The first signs include polydipsia and increased urination. If the cervix remains open, vaginal discharge can be seen. If the cervix is closed, the infection will grow within the uterus, expanding both it and the abdomen, leading to poor appetite and lethargy.

Diagnosis:

If vaginal discharge is present, the illness can often be clearly diagnosed simply by physical examination, however sometimes additional testing, particularly abdominal ultrasound, may be necessary.
Treatment:

In milder cases, hormone therapy, antibiotics, and uterine flushing may be enough to treat metritis, however most often surgical removal of the infected uterus is recommended.

Eye Problems

Entropion

Introduction:

Entropion is an abnormality of the eyelids in which the eyelid folds inward (toward the eye). In short-nosed breeds, it is often a congenital problem, but it can also be developed. It can affect both the upper and lower eyelids, and can be a unilateral or bilateral issue.

Symptoms:

Eyelashes on the affected eyelids will cause constant irritation to the surface of the eye so, excessive tear production will be seen followed by discharge if the problem continues. The constant irritation and resulting inflammation can also cause corneal injury. In the case of corneal injury, the cornea will appear cloudy and wax-like and a lump may form.

Diagnosis:

Diagnosis is usually not a problem. It is essential to distinguish the eye pain caused by introversion of the eyelid, when this abnormality can be corrected in a conservative manner.

Treatment:

Entropion can be remedied with corrective surgery only.

Ectropion

Introduction:

The outward (away from the eye) turning of the eyelid is called ectropion. It is typical of the lower eyelids and can be seen on both eyes.

Symptoms:

Ectropion causes less severe symptoms compared to those of entropion, as the eyelashes turn outwards and therefore do not irritate the cornea. The most common symptom is the inflammation of the conjunctiva of the protruding lower eyelid.

Treatment:

In most cases, it is enough to treat the conjunctivitis that has formed with eye drops. In cases of more severe or recurrent conjunctivitis, surgical correction may be required.

Third Eyelid Gland Prolapse

Introduction:

Third eyelid gland (Harder's gland) prolapse develops in dogs when they are only a few months old. It is most often seen in brachycephalic breeds. It can be unilateral or bilateral.
Symptoms:

The gland in the inner canthus of the eyeball swells, reddens and resembles a cherry; leading to the nickname 'Cherry Eye'. The prolapsed gland causes an excess of tears, conjunctivitis, and animals will often rub their eyes.

Treatment:

In mild cases, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic eye drops can retract the gland into place. Usually, however, surgery will be used to correct the prolapse.

EaR DISEASES

Grass Awns

Introduction:

The awns of weed grasses are sharp and (sometimes) barbed grass seeds, which can cause a lot of discomfort after summer walks with our dogs. Often, after a lawn is mown, the grass clippings, which can contain a large amount of awns, are not picked up. The awns can easily get caught in the animal's fur and will burrow deeper into the animal's skin with each of their movements. Awns often pierce in between the dog's toes and can enter the ear canal (especially with long-eared breeds), however, in reality, awns can impale the skin over the entire body.

Symptoms:

After a summer walk, sudden limping and excessive leg/foot licking are typical symptoms. If the awns reach the ear canal the symptoms are more severe, with intense head shaking and ear spasms.

Prevention and Treatment:

During the grass awn season, it is a good idea to clip the hair, between the toes and in the ears, as short as possible. Dogs should not be allowed in very grassy areas or areas where the grass has recently been mown. After a walk, always look over and brush the dog's coat.

If the problem persists and the above symptoms occur, it is best to bring the dog to a veterinarian. Burrowed awns are not always easy to find, especially between the toes. Often the paw is bandaged and the wound from the awn is treated with topical antibiotics. The awns in the ear canal can reach the eardrum, and can even pierce through it, so it is essential to remove them as fast as possible. After removal it is occasionally necessary to treat the inflammation that has developed in the ear canal.

Outer Ear Infection (Otitis externa)

Introduction:

Inflammation of the outer ear canal can develop for a number of reasons and can cause unpleasant symptoms. It can progress from an allergy, from infectious agents (bacteria, fungi, mites), and from foreign substances (water, awns).

Symptoms:

The external canal and pinna of the ear may be red, sensitive, and itchy, and discharge may be seen.

Treatment:

Depending on the cause, ear drops can be an effective treatment and, when necessary, lab tests may be performed. As a last resort, in neglected cases, if conservative treatment is no longer successful, surgical solutions be suggested.

Middle Ear Infection (Otitis media)

Introduction:

Otitis media can occur, in association with infection of the external ear canal, if the eardrum is damaged or, less commonly, in presence of middle ear disease self.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of otitis media are often more severe than those of otitis externa. Symptoms include: head shaking, pain, and often head tilting towards the infected ear.

Treatment:

In the case of a damaged eardrum, inflammation can be treated locally and generally with medicinal products. If the ear drum is ruptured or the infection is persistent, surgical cleaning of the tympanic cavity may be advised.

Inner Ear Infection (Otitis interna)

Introduction:

Otitis interna may be associated with otitis media, infestation through the pharynx, or a separate illness within the inner ear.

Symptoms:

There are more severe symptoms than the middle ear infection. In addition to a head tilt, imbalance, circular motions or inclination to the patient's side, and even lateral nystagmus or other eye symptoms can occur.

Treatment:

Treatment of inflammation of the inner ear can only be successful with prolonged drug therapy, so it is imperative that you contact the veterinarian as soon as possible after symptoms arise.

Aural Hematoma (Othematoma)

Introduction:

Following an intense head shake, with ear flapping, capillaries between the skin and cartilage of the ear may break and cause a hematoma.

Symptoms:

Swelling of the pinna can be seen and will continue to grow as the hematoma forms. Often, this inflammation will cause pain.

Treatment:

Minor bleeding is usually reabsorbed however, if the entire pinna is filled with blood, only surgery will offer a permanent solution.

Ear Mites

Introduction:

The most common cause of otitis externa in cats is ear mites, which is rarely found in dogs or ferrets. Ear mites are microscopic, spider-shaped mites that feed and lay their eggs in the ear canal.

Symptoms:

As the mites feed, they cause inflammation of the external ear canal. As a result of the mites and the inflammation, the ear can be terribly itchy, and the animal will constantly eviscerate and scratch their ears.

Treatment:

In cases of ear mites, it is not enough to only treat the otitis externa with ear drops, but the mites must be destroyed. Miticidal ear drops and a long-acting acaricide may be required to kill current mites and the mites that have yet to hatch from the eggs.

MUSCULOSKELETAL AND NEUROLOGICAL DISEASES

Intravertebral Disc Disease (Herniated Disc)

Introduction:

Even our four-legged friends can develop intervertebral disc disease, which is known in two main forms. In one case, spinal injuries caused by a trauma (e.g. car accident) can trigger sudden palsy symptoms in an otherwise healthy pet. The second (and more common) form occurs when the elasticity and water content are slowly lost from the disc and it rotates toward the spinal canal, eventually causing herniation and sudden paralytic symptoms. Most disc ruptures occur in the mid to low back, but can also occur in the neck region.

Symptoms:

Dorsal herniation can cause a humpbacked appearance, and possible limping or clumsiness of the hind limbs. It will also cause severe pain, hind limb paralysis, or bladder bloating and consequent urination issues. Contracted back and abdominal muscles as well as skin hypersensitivity may also be seen. In the case of cervical herniation, neck and forelimb issues will arise.

Diagnosis:

To diagnose a herniated disc, thorough physical and neurological examination, radiographs with spinal cord contrast (myelograms), and MRIs may be used.

EPILEPSY

Introduction:

Epileptic symptoms are caused by abnormal functioning of the cortical brain. The cortex can cause a disease called primary, or true, epilepsy. However, other organ systems (e.g. kidney, liver) can also be affected which is referred to as secondary epilepsy.

Symptoms:

Epileptic symptoms are very similar no matter the cause, usually seem to occur without any reason, and they typically last for the same amount of time. Symptoms are largely dependent on cortical localization. In milder cases there may be behavioral disorders, motor dysfunction, or seizing muscle groups (e.g. involuntary lip movements, chewing). In severe cases, confusion, loss of consciousness or even muscle spasms all over the body can be seen.

Diagnosis:

A video diary of the epileptic symptoms greatly help with diagnosis and development of an effective treatment by identifying the cortical area causing epilepsy. In the case of primary epileptic animals, after the seizure occurs, only an EEG-test can be used to determine any abnormality. Secondary epilepsy diagnosis may include blood sampling or spinal fluid testing. Brain morphological changes can be detected by CT and MRI.

Treatment:

It is important to distinguish true epilepsy as is often a ghostly similar to the seizures sometimes caused by panic attacks. Antiepileptics should be given only if the frequency and severity of the attacks requires.

HORMONAL DISEASES

Diabetes (Diabetes mellitus)

Introduction:

The body regulates the blood sugar and carbohydrate balance using several hormones. Low blood glucose levels also incompatible with life in the short term but you can use a variety of hormones to increase them. However, you can only lower your blood glucose levels with insulin alone.

Symptoms:

A sustained rise in blood sugar leads to operational problems in many organs, and therefore the symptoms are manifested. The most prominent symptoms are: an increase in drinking (and consequent increase in urination) sweet-smelling breath, lethargy, initial obesity followed by weight loss (chronic disease), hair loss, secondary cystitis, dyskinesia, cataract formation, and shortness of breath.

Diagnosis:

Diabetes is diagnosed with blood and urine tests.

Treatment:

In milder cases a change in dietary nutrition may be sufficient but, in severe cases, insulin therapy is needed. Of course, secondary problems should also be addressed.

Hypothyroidism

Introduction:

The underdevelopment of the thyroid gland is one of the most common hormonal diseases in dogs, however it is rare in cats. Thyroid hormones affect the strength of the body's general metabolism, and its metabolic processes slow down when these hormones are decreased. In dogs, hypothyroidism is most commonly caused by the thyroid gland, however there may rarely be secondary hypothyroidism when the pituitary gland fails to produce enough thyroid stimulating hormone.

Symptoms:

The most prominent symptoms in a hypothyroid dog include: lethargy, lower heart rate, exercise intolerance, and weight gain without a corresponding increase in appetite. It is also very common to see symmetrical body hair loss and the characteristic tail hair loss ("rat-tail"), decrease in hair quality, and thickening of the skin.

Diagnosis:

This disease can only be diagnosed with blood tests.

Treatment:

In general, the animal will require a thyroid hormone replacement compound until the end of its life, with which the symptoms can be completely recovered from.

Cushing's Disease (Hyperadrenocorticism)

Introduction:

The disease develops from an increase in cortisol, as a side effect of an overactive adrenal cortex (central and peripheral form) or occasionally as a result of prolonged steroid treatment. Generally disease processes in the pituitary gland cause an increased production of adrenocorticotropic hormone, which is called primary or centralized hyperadrenocorticism. Less commonly, the disease is caused by an adrenal gland, which is called secondary or peripheral hyperadrenocorticism.

Symptoms:

All three cases occur as a result of high steroid levels in the body. Typical symptoms include: increased drinking and urination, enlarged abdominal region, muscle weakness, symmetrical hair loss, thinning skin, susceptibility to infections.

Diagnosis:

Blood and urine tests are used to determine the body's cortisol levels. For accurate diagnosis of the disease or to detect the form, hormone loading tests and stimulation tests may also be used. Abdominal ultrasounds are also important, to differentiate between the central and the peripheral form, and evaluate any steroid-induced liver damage.

Treatment:

After a precise diagnosis is made, there are treatment options available today. Medicines are now available for the most common, central, form. The peripheral form may require surgical correction. Disease caused by excessive steroid intake can often be solved with a gradual decrease of the drug. In all three cases additional treatments may be required, such as liver medicines or immune enhancers, and treatment of any secondary infections (e.g. skin infections, bladder infections, etc.).

Poisoning (TOXICOSIS)

Introduction:

In cases of sudden illness, pet owners think about poisoning more often than it actually happens. There is no time to think about poisoning, however, as, if there is a toxin involved, you have to act fast! It is essential to know exactly which poison your pet has been affected by because treatment entirely depends on the toxin.

Symptoms:

Toxic substances are most commonly taken orally by animals in which case the body will try to get rid of the poison as quickly as possible. This results in vomiting, diarrhea, fluid loss, and symptoms corresponding to any organ damage caused by absorption of the poison.

Most commonly occurring toxicoses and organ symptoms:

Rodenticide poisoning (Dicoumarol toxicosis): hemophilia, bleeding, anemia, pale mucous membranes, jaundice, weakness.
Antifreeze poisoning (Ethylene glycol toxicosis): weakness, loss of coordination, paralysis of the hind limbs, renal failure, decrease in urine production, muscle cramps.
Pesticide poisoning (Organophosphate toxicosis): salivation, tremors, muscle spasms.
Snail and slug bait poisoning (Metaldehyde toxicosis): salivation, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, tremors, rigid spasms, fever.
Plant poisoning (Phyto toxicosis): e.g. in Rhododendron poisoning has neurological symptoms, milk grasses cause stomatitis, bloody diarrhea, bloody urine, jaundice, and convulsions may occur. Renal failure may occur with grapes and raisins.
Poisoning by human medicine: e.g. sleeping pills, sedatives, dullness, jaundice of the mucous membranes. Paracetamol in cats causes respiratory failure, difficulty breathing, cyanotic mucous membranes, bloody or even chocolate-brown urine.
Nitrate or Nitrite poisoning: in cats they cause dyspnea, oxygen deprivation, and cyanotic mucous membranes.
Gramoxone poisoning (Paraquat toxicosis): a herbicide, may cause lung edema, dyspnea, crackling breath sounds.
Certain anti-parasitic agents, such as pyrethroids, which can be used only for dogs, can cause serious poisoning in cats with severe neurological symptoms, muscle spasms
Poisonous gases and fumes poisoning: causes dyspnea.
Poisoning due to corrosive substances (acids, bases): skin irritation, skin swelling, if swallowed intestinal corrosion, diarrhea, vomiting.
Dark chocolate may also be poisonous to cats.

Diagnosis:

Exact medical history is crucial in diagnosing a poisoning. Of course, toxicological tests can be carried out from various body exudates such as vomit, feces, blood, urine as well as the suspected toxin. In some cases, additional studies may be required, such as abdominal ultrasound examination with antifreeze poisoning, chest x-ray with Gramoxone poisoning, and blood clotting measurement for rat poison poisoning.

Treatment:

Treatment is only possible with accurate identification of the toxin, so it is imperative to know what poison we are dealing with. In the meantime, supportive treatment should be used, the essence of which is the removal of toxins, the inhibition of absorption, the treatment of general symptoms, and the treatment of organ failure. Most ingested toxins can be expelled by emesis, but if the toxin was applied to the skin it must be washed off. The possibility of absorption must be minimized by increasing gastrointestinal motility and administering a binding agent (e.g. charcoal). Supportive treatment is essential to hydration, then you should start a causative treatment for the particular toxin, which is very diverse.

EUROPEAN UNION PET PASSPORT(PETPASSPORT)

European UNION PETPASSPORT

It is necessary to get a pet passport for carnivore pets (dog, cat, ferret) to travel with them in the European Union. The passport can be made registered by authorized veterinarians. The conditions of making a passport are the following: the pet has to be identifiable (by microchip), and it has to have valid rabies vaccination. Besides making the passport, the veterinarian records the data to the official pet register of the Hungarian Veterinarian Chamber.

www.petvetdata.hu

You can read further information and regulations on the following websites:

Magyar Állatorvosi Kamara (MÁOK) összefoglalója országonként

www.petpassport.hu

https://www.bpallatorvos.hu/orszagonkenti.html

www.maok.hu

https://www.vam.hu/viewBase.do?elementId=4844

As Hungary is a member of the European Union, in case of travelling to another country, the pet passport is needed (if you and your pet would like to return to Hungary). But in such cases, a veterinarian permission is necessary for travelling to a non-EU country.

Marking with microchip

The most secure way to mark the pets is the microchip implantation. The microchip is a rice-sized data carrier which is placed under the skin of the pets with a special gadget. It does not hurt more than getting a vaccination so it can be done when the animal is awake. The number of the chip can be read by a microchip-reader. Data can be ordered to the chip number, and the date can be put on the data register of the Hungarian Veterinay Chamber. If a pet loses its owner, and someone who finds the pet, brings it to the vet, the contacts of the owner and the pet's data can be found by reading the chip number and typing it to the register.

www.petvetdata.hu

The unique marking is necessary for generating the European Union Petpassport.