CAT VACCINATION PROGRAM

The kittens have their passive defense against various causative agents until their 6-8th week of age. It's the time to start the immunization of kittens with a good vaccination program. In the vaccination there are inactive or depleted causative agents which can be defeated without getting ill, and in 10-14 days a weak protection evolves in the organism against the causative agent. Trustworthy protection against the strong causative agent can be attained by having the vaccinations repeated. Even a weakened causative agent can try kittens (they can be woozy for a day), and because of this, the vaccination can only be given to healthy animals. Invermination, fleas, undernourishment are frequent debilitant factors, so regular antivermination and proper nutrition are essential for the right efficacy of the vaccination. There is no obligatory vaccination for cats, except the rabies vaccination which should be given when we travel abroad with our cat. But it is recommended to vaccinate the cats. If the cat is kept in the flat and doesn't have contact with other cats, it is sufficient to vaccinate them against viruses, which may be given to them by humans. (e.g infectious respiratory/gut/stomach inflammations, flu caused by calcivirus, chlamydiosis). Cats which use to go out should be vaccinated against cat diseases (rabies, cat leucosis, infectious peritonitis (as known as stomach-mucosa inflammation)). Cat leucosis does not only spread by cat-fights, but the kittens may inherit it from their mother. If the cat is infected, it is not efficient to vaccinate them against cat leucosis, so it's important to get the cat tested with a blood-test whether it is infected or not. There is a fatal, viral disease, called cat-AIDS, against which there is no vaccination yet. The chance of the infectious cat diseases is lower in case of spayed and castrated cats.

Our recommended vaccination program for cats kept in flats:

• 9th week: Combined vaccination (infectious nasal-respiratory inflammation, infectious stomach- and gut inflammation, flu due to calcivirus, chlamydiosis)
• 11th week: Repetition of combined vaccination (after that, it should be repeated every year)

Our vaccination program for cats which go out:

• 9th week: Big combined vaccination (infectious nasal-respiratory inflammation, infectious stomach- and gut inflammation, flu due to calcivirus, chlamydiosis, cat leucosis)
• 11th week: Repetition of big combined vaccination (after that, it should be repeated every year)
• 13th week Vaccination against rabies (it is mandatory in case of travelling abroad!!!) after that, it should be repeated every year
• 16th week: Defense against infectious peritonitis
• 19th week: Repetition of defense against infectious peritonitis (after that, it should be repeated every year)

Other vaccination:

Vaccination against microsporiasis for cats with symptoms or aptitude of fungal skin infections

FEMALE CAT NEUTERING

There are various reasons of neutering a female cat:

Defense against unwanted reproduction:

The cats are very reproductive animals. They are usually sexually mature after they reach the age of 6 months. Females are ready for reproduction almost anytime. They might bear many times in a year, usually 3 to 6 kittens at once.

Defense against scars

Male cats who use to go out usually fight with other male cats for winning a female cat, and they also might fight with females during mating. The scars left on the cats after these fights may infect, and viral cat diseases may spread.

Defense against heat symptoms

Female cats are on heat for 5-6 days, every 2-3 weeks. While being on heat, they might be agressive, the symptoms are heavy. The cats barely eat during these times, and they meow very loudly.

Disease prevention

It is important to neuter female cats to prevent diseases. If the animal is older, abnormal ovary-function is common, and even ovary-cyst or uterus-inflammation may evolve. Neutering is not only important to prevent inflamed genital diseases, but it also prevents the evolution of tumorous diseases. If the neutering is made in the first few years of the dog, it abates the chance of breast cancer.

Therapeutic purpose

In case of uterus inflammation, other serious uterus mutation or serious ovary mutation, the neutering should be made as therapy.

Information about female cat neutering:

The oestrus can be prevented or suspended by hormone preparations, but it is not suggestible for a long term because it may lead to uterus inflammation. It is a good temporary solution, if we would like to have some kittens in the future. The final and certain abolition of oestrus is the surgery. The neutering surgery is usually made after the cat becomes sexually mature. During the surgery, the cat is under anaesthesia, so it is worth to let it starve a day before. In case of healthy uteral horns (cornu uteri), ovary removal may be done. In other cases, the uteral horns are also removed. The abdominal cuts are closed in layers, the skin inclusions are removed in 12 days. To prevent licking, the cat gets a protective collar.

MALE CASTRATION

There are various reasons of castrating a male cat:

Defense against unwanted reproduction:

The cats are very reproductive animals. They are usually sexually mature after they reach the age of 6 months. Females are ready for reproduction almost anytime. They might bear many times in a year, usually 3 to 6 kittens at once.

Defense against scars

Male cats who use to go out usually fight with other male cats for winning a female cat, and they also might fight with females during mating. The scars left on the cats after these fights may infect, and viral cat diseases may spread.

Stopping the "marking" habits of male cats which are kept in flats

Sexually mature male cats kept in flats often cause discomfort by marking our furniture with their smelly urine which contains male hormones.

The owner should know the following about castration:

1. During the surgery, the cat is under anaesthesia, so it is worth to let the cat starve a day before. During the surgery, the testicles are removed through a small (ca. 1.5 cm) wound. In larger dogs, the testicles and the scrotum are both removed. The scar is not going to be sewed, so there is no need for skin inclusion removal.

2. According to the misbelief, cats gain weight after neutering. Our cat may gain weight after neutering, if we don't feed it according to it's needs. After the surgery, the sexual activity ceases, so the cat may have more energy and time to eat. It is important not to overfeed our pet after neutering, we should rather give less food.

3. The cats usually don't drink much water, their urine might be thicker. The crystals in the thick urine may spring open, bladder sand may evolve and it often causes problems in castrated cats. After castration, male sexual hormones evacuate from cats, it may decrease the capaciousness of the urethra. On the other hand, male cats have much longer urethra with a smaller radius than female cats. Bladder sand may cause urethral clog. This clog may cause painful urination, blood urination, urinal disorder.

MAINTENANCE ADVICE

NUTRITION

When, and how much?

The kittens are separated from their mother when they are 6-8 weeks old. Until then they drink milk, but when they are separated, we can give them solid food. The conversion mustn't happen suddenly! If the kittens have consumed solid food before the separation, the conversion will be easier. It is not recommended to give (cow)milk after the separation, because it may cause swelling or diarrhea. The kittens can get food 5 times a day until their 3rd month of age; 3 times until they are 6 months old and 2 times a day after. Don't let the cat reach its food all day, what the cat doesn't eat for 15 minutes, it can be put away. The amount of food should depend on the condition and needs of the cat. The cat should always have water. In case of being sick, they cat drink warm bitter tea too, and soups may also be given.

What?

Manufactured or self-cooked food can both be given for the cat. If you cook for the cat, the meal should be protein and some side-dish. When the cat is young, pregnant or sick, the amount of protein should be 50%. For adult cats, 30% protein is enough. Protein should be mostly heat treated (and not raw!!!) meat: chicken, beef, rabbit, lamb, etc., or dairies: cheese, sour cream, cream, cottage-cheese, etc. As side-dish rice, pasta, cooked potatoes, cooked vegetables can be served. The food should not be spicy.

What not?

The earliest age of giving bone-in meat for the cats is when they are 3-4 months old. Don't give sharp bones that the cat might swallow. Kittens often swallow things they are playing with and it might be dangerous, because it may cause gut disclosure.

Going out

We shouldn't let the kitten out or let it play with other cats, until it gets the suitable vaccinations. Neutering is recommended for disease prevention.

Other things to do

Antivermination and disinfestion is crucial for every carnivore animal. The fur of every long-haired animal should be combed, and sometimes fur-loosening products should be given to the cat, because it swallows some amounts of fur while cleaning itself. Those products help emptying the fur from their stomach Healthy cats clean themselves a lot, bathing is not necessary. Cats need a clean litter tray. If possible, a scratching wood is good for the cat, to let it scratch, so its nails don't grow over. Else, the nails should be cut every 2 months.

Cat diseases

• Infectious Diseases
• General Diseases
• Urinary and Uterine Diseases
• Skin Diseases
• Internal and External Parasites
• Ear Diseases
• Hormonal Diseases
• Environmental Problems
• Poisoning

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV)

Introduction:

Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV) is one of the most dangerous diseases in cats. It is triggered by an oncogene retrovirus, which may cause cancer of the white blood cells. The disease is spread by direct contact with infected saliva, nasal secretions, and blood. It is common for cats to be infected during street fights or mating, but unfortunately the infection can also be passed through the uterus meaning kittens can be born with the disease. Although they say that cats have seven lives, there are still viral diseases that we cannot cure. However, at least there is a vaccine against feline viral leukemia!

Symptoms:

The incubation period of FeLV varies greatly and can lurk in the body for a long time without visible symptoms. When the body is weakened due to a minor illness virus replication starts, causing a fever. Due to the overgrowth of white blood cells in the bone marrow, red blood cell formation has increasingly less space, so the progression of anemia, pale mucous membranes, weakness, fatigue, loss of appetite, and a decrease in oxygen supply with dyspnea are often seen. The proliferation of white blood cells can affect many organs, so the symptoms are varied. Because of this rampant overgrowth of leukocytes, enlargement of the lymph nodes throughout the body (e.g. under the chin, back of the hind legs) is common.

Spleen and liver enlargement may cause a distended abdomen, often in combination with emaciation. In the event of hepatic failure, jaundice may develop. The wild lymphatic system and white blood cells may also cause intestinal wall thickening, chronic diarrhea and vomiting along with the consequential fluid loss, loss of skin elasticity, third eyelid prolapses, and sunken eyes. Respiratory symptoms, such as coughing or shortness of breath, are not uncommon and are caused, not only by enlarged lymph nodes around the bronchi but, by the fever, anemia, and secondary infections of the respiratory tract.

It is also possible for kidney degeneration to occur which can cause renal failure, with increased drinking/urination, discomfort, and vomiting. The infection may also induce neurological symptoms. Finally, in pregnant cats, FeLV may cause fetal injury or miscarriage.

Diagnosis:

Feline Leukemia Virus can be diagnosed with a blood test. Due to the infectious properties of the disease (e.g. long asymptomatic latency, congenital infections), it is essential to screen cats with virus tests. Performing these tests on kittens on the streets and in shelters is of the utmost importance!

Prevention and Treatment:

The most important thing is prevention! If your cat will be in contact with other cats, it is a good idea to do a blood test and give the FeLV vaccine (after a negative test), and spay or neuter to prevent fighting.

In the case of FeLV, it is imperative to isolate the sick cat to prevent other cats from being infected, hen symptomatic treatment and immune enhancement can be used as long as the general quality of life of the animal does not deteriorate completely.

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)

Introduction:

Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) is caused by a coronavirus which infected cats carry in their intestines, however, unfortunately infection from mother to kitten is not uncommon. This is an incurable disease!

Symptoms:

The most commonly seen form of the disease is "wet" FIP, which causes fluid buildup in the abdomen and/or chest caused by abdominal and/or pleural inflammation. Typical symptoms of viral infections, such as persistent or recurrent fever, lethargy, anorexia, and anemia, often occur. It is most common to see a significantly enlarged (fluid filled) abdomen, weight loss, and abdominal pain.

Inflammatory lesions may occur on the internal organs thereby causing syndromes, often accompanied by pancreatitis and vomiting, but kidney and liver failure can also develop. In cases of pleural inflammation, dyspnea is the most common symptom. There may also be neurological symptoms and even eye problems as well. There is also a "dry" form of this disease in which there is no fluid accumulation in the body cavities.

Diagnosis:

Many additional studies are often needed, along with the symptoms and a physical examination, for accurate diagnosis. The accumulation of fluid in the body cavities can be detected by X-ray and abdominal ultrasound examination. The pathogen itself can be detected by blood tests or by testing a sample of the excess fluid.

Prevention and Treatment:

Prevention is of the utmost importance, as we often cannot symptomatically treat infected animals. Fortunately, there is a nasal vaccine against the disease, which is recommended to be given to all cats who come into contact with other cats. It is therefore also recommended that outdoor cats be castrated to lessen the possibility of infection.

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

Introduction:

Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) is a very dangerous and incurable disease. It is transmitted through contact with infected bodily fluids. The term feline AIDS gets its name from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which has similar symptoms, however FIV is only dangerous to cats.

Symptoms:

The viral infection causes high fever, fatigue, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Due to the decline in overall immune defense, secondary infections develop often resulting in varied symptoms. The formation of oral ulcers is common. Similar to human HIV infection, it is also usual to develop pneumonia and skin infections. There may be some neurological symptoms.

Diagnosis:

Blood tests can clearly diagnose the disease.

Prevention and Treatment:

Unfortunately, there is no available vaccine against FIV, so one thing we can do to reduce the spread of infection is sterilize any outdoor cats or cats who regularly come into contact with others. There is only symptomatic treatment (e.g. immune-boosting products, management of secondary infections) available for FIV patients and they should always be separated from other cats after diagnosis.

Feline Rhinitis

Introduction:

Feline rhinitis is a collective term for several types of upper respiratory tract infections which have different causes. See: rhinitis caused by feline Calicivirus, feline infectious rhinotracheitis, broad chlamydiosis (although it's not viral).

Calicivirus Infection

Introduction:

Calicivirus infection in felines is similar to human influenza in that it spreads rapidly and causes unpleasant symptoms.

Symptoms:

After a several day long incubation period, fever, anorexia, and upper respiratory symptoms develop. Exudative conjunctivitis is common as well as extensive oral stomatitis. Also characteristic of Calicivirus is inflammation, runny nose, sneezing and, if the infection continues and pneumonia develops, difficulty breathing and coughing.

Prevention and Treatment:

Combined vaccines include Calicivirus, so cats can be protected against it. We can only treat the illness symptomatically and, unfortunately, it is often a chronic disease.

Feline Infectious Rhinotracheitis

Introduction:

This is an upper respiratory illness caused by the feline herpes virus. The pathogen spreads rapidly through infected secretions. With reduced immune status, it can cause serious illness in young or elderly patients or in other diseases.

Symptoms:

After several days of incubation, fever, lethargy, and loss of appetite occur, followed by nasopharyngeal and tracheal inflammation, runny nose, sneezing, salivation, and possibly cough and dyspnoea. Frequent conjunctivitis, flushed eyes with discharge, and sometimes keratitis or clouded corneas can be seen. Bacterial infection may also be associated with viral infection, which may result in the appearance of purulent secretions. The feline herpes virus can also cause infection via the uterus, resulting in fetal death, abortion or premature kittens.

Prevention and Treatment:

Fortunately, feline herpes virus is present in combination vaccines, so we can prevent this disease. Affected cats can only be treated with symptomatic treatment (e.g. anti-viral eye drops, antibiotics for secondary infections, mucolytics), but it is possible for the illness to return or become chronic.

Chlamydia

Introduction:

Chlamydiosis is zoonotic so can be dangerous for humans too. It was first detected in parrots and, therefore, is sometimes called Psittacosis or Parrot Fever. It is a common problem in cats however in dogs it is rare. The pathogen spreads from infected bodily fluids, especially eye and nasal discharge.

Symptoms:

After the incubation period conjunctivitis will develop with flushed and swollen conjunctiva, tearing and eye discharge, and excessive eye blinking. From the excess discharge it is possible to see eyelids sticking together and even third eyelid gland prolapse can sometimes be reported. In addition, rhinitis, sneezing, runny nose, cough, and secondary pneumonia may develop. Chlamydia may also cause fetal injury or even miscarriage.

Prevention and Treatment:

Chlamydia psittachi is also used in combined vaccines to protect against infection. In case of illness, symptomatic treatment (eye drops, antibiotics for secondary infections) may be used.

Feline Panleukopenia

Introduction:

Parvovirus, which causes infectious intestinal inflammation, causes a severe decrease in white blood cells, and is therefore known as panleukopenia. The pathogen is transmitted in infected feces and, to a lesser extent, other bodily fluids.

Symptoms:

After a few days latency period, fever, lethargy, loss of appetite, watery (and sometimes bloody) diarrhea and vomiting occur, and the skin becomes inelastic due to dehydration. Kittens may be infected and die from the disease even before the onset of diarrhea.

Prevention and Treatment:

Panleukopenia is also included in combination vaccines, so cats can be protected from infection!

In treatment of the disease, it is only possible to symptomatically treat the bowel inflammation.

Rabies

Introduction:

Rabies is an incurable, viral disease which is also dangerous for human. Carnivore animals have a significant role in its interposal. The causative agent spreads via saliva, usually by bite.

By having the dogs and the bait of the foxes vaccinated, rabies is rare nowadays, but every time someone is bitten by a meat-eating animal, it should be thought about; the physician and the official veterinarian should be informed. In such a case, the rabies-suspicious animal should be monitored for 2 weeks, the bitten human should get anti-rabies vaccination series.

Symptoms:

After the bite, the virus –going along the nerves- gets to the systematic nervous system, causing severe symptoms of the nervous system. Consciousness-disorder, behavior-disorder, cramps, aggressive behavior, attacking ability, salivaton due to swallowing heaviness, foaming mouth then paralysis, drowning. There is also a silent form of rabies, when instead of the aggressive symptoms weird kindness of the wild animal may appear. For example, the rabid fox ventures to the human, or attacks the approaching human or animal from a hiding position.

Diagnosis:

Certain diagnosis can be set up from immune-fluorescenic examination of the brain tissue of the fallen animal.

Prevention:

In our country, there is a law about the obligatory anti-rabies vaccination for dogs. Each dog should be vaccinated in their 3rd-4th months of age with a one component rabies vaccination, and a year after, it should be repeated. After that, the dogs should be vaccinated every year.

Although there is no law about, it is worth to vaccinate ferrets and cats that meet other animals.

In case of travelling abroad with meat-eating animals (dogs, cats, ferrets), the anti-rabies vaccination is obligatory.

(ZÁLLATORVOS)

General diseases

Plaque

Introduction:

Plaque is a very common problem in carnivorous animals. The alkaline pH and bacterial flora of the mouth create an environment favourable for plaque, and eventually calculus, formation on the surface of the teeth.

Symptoms:

Plaque is not just an oral hygiene problem. Plaque will cause gum inflammation (gingivitis) and the causative agents, which can enter the bloodstream along the inflamed gum line, may even affect other organs.

The first symptoms of gingivitis are bleeding and redness along the gum line. In case of acute gum inflammation, irreversible gum recession may develop. The teeth may also eventually become loose or fall out.

The bacteria entering the bloodstream can cause inflammation of the heart valves, which may lead to heart valve insufficiency. Inflamed plexus in the kidneys, liver or in other organs may occur.

Prevention and Treatment:

Prevention is very important! Smaller dog breeds are more susceptible to developing plaque and calculus, so prevention should be started when they are puppies. At first, it is sufficient to just touch the puppy's mouth or teeth. There are many ways to defend against plaque and calculus formation, but the most important one is brushing the teeth. There are some plaque reducing nutritional supplements and dry foods available. Safe teeth-cleaning chew toys can also be used.

If an animal is susceptible to plaque and calculus buildup, it can only be slowed, and not totally prevented. Some animals let the mild type of plaque be picked from their teeth while they are awake, however, proper plaque and calculus removal is only possible with ultrasound cleaning, which is only tolerated while they are under anaesthesia. Besides ultrasonic plaque removal, local treatment of gum inflammation and antibiotics are often necessary. In some cases, the treatment of diseases in further organs is needed.

Gut inflammation (ENTERITIS)

Introduction:

Gut inflammation can evolve due to many reasons. It may be caused by infectiong agent (bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus), spoiled food, toxic material (e.g. chemicals, drugs which irritate the gut mucosa) or food intolerance.

Symptoms:

Symptoms are the following: liquid faeces, possibly loss of housetrainedness, vomiting. In case of colon inflammation, mostly pappy, soft faeces can be notices.

Diagnosis:

Usually, a diagnosis can be made according to the anamnesis, symptoms, physical examination; but sometimes stool-examination or abdominal ultrasound test is needed to get the exact diagnosis.

Treatment:

In all cases, fasting, tea, diet and causal treatment (pl. antibiotics), possibly probiotics. In severe cases, if the patient has lost a big amount of liquids with diarrhea or vomiting, an infusion may be needed.

GUT DISCLOSURE (ILEUS)

Introduction:

The most common reason of ileus is swallowing objects, which can block the gut cavity. Less common is the gut obliterated by disease processes starting from the gut wall, mostly gut tumour may block the gut cavity. Rarely, other problems of the stomach cavity may compress the gut cavity from outside, causing ileus.

Symptoms:

The typical symptom of total ileus is vomiting. The closer the obliteration to the stomach is, the heavier the vomiting is. After a few time, there is no stool. Lack of appetite, abdominal pain, abdominal cramps, gassy guts, ever bigger stomach, deteriorative condition, dejectedness is common. If the obliteration is not complete, namely something partially blocks the gut cavity, the symptoms are less visible, for example vomiting, slow weight loss, bad appetite, smaller amount of stool may be noticed.

Diagnosis:

If ileus is suspected, fast and exact diagnosis is very important for which profound physical examination followed by contrasty X-ray and abdominal ultrasound test are essential.

Treatment:

Usually, surgery is necessary as soon as possible (cutting or sometimes excising), and later conservative post-treatment.

Urinary and Uterine Diseases

Feline Lower Urinary Tract Disease (FLUTD)

Introduction:

Household cats typically have a lower fluid intake, so there is a tendency for their urine to be more dense. Urine crystals can precipitate in dense urine, which can lead to urination problems. The urethras of males are much longer and narrower than those of females, and can be made even more narrow if neutering is done too early. Due to this, it is common to see urethral blockages in male cats, especially those who are indoors, overweight, and have a poor diet.

Symptoms:

Bladder stones scratch the walls of the bladder and urethra, causing inflammation. Cats will frequently go to their litterbox to urinate, crying painfully at any urination, and the urine may be malodourous or bloody as well. Bladder crystals can block the urethra, causing complete inability to urinate, and a suddenly deteriorating general condition. In case of urethral obstruction, the bladder and abdominal region will continue to expand and, if the bladder is not emptied, abdominal pain and vomiting can occur along with congestive kidney failure; ultimately causing dehydration and death without treatment.

Prevention:

Tomcats should be neutered after they have reached sexual maturity, or as late as possible. Proper water intake is important, which is difficult to track in cats, but with special cat food their daily water intake can be increased.

Treatment:

When first symptoms occur, urine testing is recommended because there are several types of urinary crystals (most commonly struvite and calcium oxalate) and frequent bacterial overpopulation. Based on the urine test, a special solution for the specific crystal will dictate which special dietetic cat foods and medications are needed. In case of urethral obstruction, without delay, consult a vet. In some cases, you can successfully solve the blockage by inserting a urinary catheter, but surgery is the only total solution.

Bladder Inflammation (Cystitis)

Introduction:

Bladder inflammation can develop for a number of reasons, most commonly urinary tract pathogens (bacteria). Frequent inflammation can be due to mucous membrane damage caused by bladder stones or precipitated crystals in the urine, and may also be associated with bladder infection. Cystitis may develop urine retention (e.g. spinal cord injury), micturition problems, or incontinence. Occasionally, it may also be associated with other illnesses, as an incidental finding. Cystitis secondary to diabetes, when sugar in the urinary bladder or urinary tract may be a good breeding ground for pathogens, or immune deficiency diseases (e.g. Cushing's disease) are perfect examples of this.

Symptoms:

Frequent or painful urination, straining, bloody urine, genital licking, and redness can all be signs of cystitis.

Diagnosis:

In addition to a thorough physical examination, a urinalysis is required for diagnosis. Ultrasounds or abdominal radiography may be required if bladder stones are suspected.

Treatment:

After accurate diagnosis, bacterial bladder inflammation can be treated with targeted antibiotic therapy. In some cases, urinary crystals can be resolved with the help of a special urinary diet. Sometimes, as in the case with persistent bladder stones, surgical intervention is required.

Uterine Inflammation (Metritis) and Infection (Pyometra)

Introduction:

During estrus, when the cervix is opened, the uterus is more exposed to infection. If estrus is prolonged due to abnormal ovarian function the chance of metritis increases.

Symptoms:

Generally, the symptoms appear 3-8 weeks after estrus. The first signs include polydipsia and increased urination. If the cervix remains open, vaginal discharge can be seen. If the cervix is closed, the infection will grow within the uterus, expanding both it and the abdomen, leading to poor appetite and lethargy.

Diagnosis:

If vaginal discharge is present, the illness can often be clearly diagnosed simply by physical examination, however sometimes additional testing, particularly abdominal ultrasound, may be necessary.

Treatment:

In milder cases, hormone therapy, antibiotics, and uterine flushing may be enough to treat metritis, however most often surgical removal of the infected uterus is recommended.

skin Diseases

Skin Inflammation (Dermatitis)

Introduction:

The outer skin is the largest organ of animals, and dermatological problems are very challenging for animals, since often a simple skin problem can be the cause of even more serious illnesses.

Symptoms:

Pruritus, tenderness, and secondary scarring caused by constant scratching are most commonly encountered with allergic dermatitis. In the case of bacterial skin inflammation (pyoderma), inflammation of the skin is accompanied by bleeding and purulent discharge.

Diagnosis:

Skin symptoms are relatively poor, but they can develop for a number of reasons, so skin scraping is often of great importance in establishing accurate diagnosis. During the laboratory test, parasitological examination, bacterial culture and sensitivity testing, and fungal cultures may be requested. In the case of allergic dermatitis, blood tests or skin allergy testing may be required. For secondary skin lesions, it is very important to settle the basic problem before treatment.

Treatment:

For allergic dermatitis, treatment is based on the affecting allergen. For bacterial dermatitis, therapeutic bathing, skin nutrition supplements, and possibly targeted antibiotics may be required for treatment.

Ringworm (Dermatomycosis)

Introduction:

We often see dermatomycosis in pets as there are many environmental factors that can cause it. Things like local skin trauma (e.g. wounds caused by scratching or chronic moisture), a weak immune system (e.g. a prolonged illness), or a long-lasting course of antibiotics can increase the possibility of infection.

Symptoms:
In cases of dermatomycosis, the skin is often dry and flaky, but not itchy. Local and, in some cases, widespread alopecia can be seen. A red ring appears around the infected lesions which spread outward in a circular pattern.

Diagnosis:

Skin scraping for microscopic examination is most often used to detect and identify the possible fungus. The sample is also frequently sent for culture which helps to distinguish which antifungal medications will be effective against the infection.

Treatment:

The most common form of dermatomycosis is microsporidiosis, caused by Microsporum canis. However, there is a vaccine which has been proven to successfully eliminate it. In addition to antifungal drug therapy, there are many other treatments (e.g. topical treatments, environmental decontamination, etc.)
that should be given to ensure proper healing.

Internal and External Parasites

Intestinal Parasites

Introduction:

In carnivorous companion animals, intestinal parasitosis is often seen. Intestinal worms are not only repulsive but, they may be dangerous to us and cause serious illness in our animals. Infection is often caused by contact with infected feces, but infection through the placenta, followed by the mother's milk, is also common. Fleas can spread tapeworms as well. Decreased immune condition will increase the chances of infection, and helminthiasis itself can reduce the overall defensive ability. This is a very common problem among kittens.

Symptoms:

There are several different types of intestinal parasitosis. We most commonly see roundworms which are off-white, cylindrical, and thread-like but, may be spaghetti sized as well. Other nematodes commonly seen are hookworms, which are also off-white but flat and ribbon-like in appearance. There are also cestodes (most commonly referred to as tapeworm) which are flat, white worms made up of tiny segments, the size of grains of rice.

Regardless of the type of intestinal worm, the most common symptoms are: loss of appetite (and consequent weight loss), mucoid feces, diarrhea, anal pruritus, and, occasionally, worms or segments in the feces or vomit.

Diagnosis:

If the symptoms are not clear, parasitological examination of the feces should be performed.

Prevention and Treatment:

It is important to emphasize the necessity of giving deworming products to all carnivorous small animals on a regular basis. Adult worms release eggs and the eggs become infective within one month (depending on the type of worm) so it is possible to become infected at any time during the life cycle. It is recommended that kittens are treated with a de-wormer starting when they are 2-3 weeks old. It is often suggested to give a broad-spectrum antiparasitic at a quarterly rate for dogs that are frequently hiking or around other dogs, or for cats and ferrets who live outside, and for families with small children. Deworming, as well as Rabies vaccinations, are required by law every year. In addition to a broad-spectrum antiparasitic we must always remember antiflea treatments as fleas can spread tapeworms, which can infect humans as well.

Fleas

Introduction:

Fleas can be an inconvenience to both pets and their owners year round. They are very active ectoparasites that reproduce rapidly, infecting the surrounding environment (and hosts) with their eggs.

Symptoms:

Even just the sensation of fleas crawling on our pets can be enough to make them crazy; scratching and chewing wildly to stop the itching. It is not uncommon for flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) to also occur as many animals are allergic to flea saliva. In animals with FAD, the intense scratching and licking can lead to skin sores, hair loss, and, in some cases, hot spots.

If the infestation continues and the number of fleas grow over an extended period of time, anemia can occur from blood loss. Conjunctivitis can also occur if fleas make their way into the animal's eyes. Furthermore, fleas can play a role in transmitting tapeworm infestations. Hatching larval fleas feed on tapeworm eggs which develop, as the flea does, and when the adult flea is ingested by the animal, it too becomes infected.

Prevention and Treatment:

The most important part of flea treatment is prevention, with year-round anti-flea treatments from the veterinarian. In the case of flea infestation, all types of anti-flea treatments may be used (spot treatments, shampoos, etc.). If the infestation is severe, the animal's bedding and environment should also be treated with anti-flea spray as 90% of fleas and their eggs can be found there.

Toxoplasmosis

Introduction:

Toxoplasmosis is caused by a single cell parasite Toxoplasma gondii, which can occur in almost every mammalian animal. Toxoplasmosis infections usually do not cause serious symptoms (flu-like symptoms) in a normal animal or human immune system, and infections are frequently asymptomatic. After infection, the body produces antibodies against the pathogen. However, with decreased defenses, infection can cause serious damage to developing fetuses. The pathogen may cause focal encephalitis, hepatitis, miscarriage, fetal abnormalities, and blindness.

Cats are infected by the virulent oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii, often passed to them by rodents. Like most animals, cats do not suffer from infection seriously and, even one week after infection, infectious eggs will not be found in the intestines. Excreted oocysts, however, survive in the environment for years in their infectious form. So, outdoor cats' stools may therefore be infected, but there is still a very small chance of indoor cats being infected as well.

Sources of Infection:

Outdoor cats can enter sandboxes of children, shedding oocysts in the process. The child can then get infected after playing in the sandbox if they put their hands in their mouths without washing their hands.Unwashed vegetables and fruit grown on the ground may also be dangerous. Infection can also be caused by the consumption of raw meat or use of utensils contaminated with oocysts.

Prevention:

The disease is especially dangerous for mothers and their unborn babies, so it is important to avoid infection throughout pregnancy. During pregnancy, general hygiene should be respected in the cleaning of the kitchen and of cats' litter. It is also important to request blood tests from your gynecologist during pregnancy. The toxoplasma test distinguishes between a pre- o post-pregnancy infection (which no longer poses a threat during pregnancy) from a fresh infection.

(ZÁLLATORVOS)

Ear Diseases

Ear Mites

Introduction:

The most common cause of otitis externa in cats is ear mites, which is rarely found in dogs or ferrets. Ear mites are microscopic, spider-shaped mites that feed and lay their eggs in the ear canal.

Symptoms:

As the mites feed, they cause inflammation of the external ear canal. As a result of the mites and the inflammation, the ear can be terribly itchy, and the animal will constantly eviscerate and scratch their ears.

Treatment:

In cases of ear mites, it is not enough to only treat the otitis externa with ear drops, but the mites must be destroyed. Miticidal ear drops and a long-acting acaricide may be required to kill current mites and the mites that have yet to hatch from the eggs.

Middle Ear Infection (Otitis media)

Introduction:

Otitis media can occur, in association with infection of the external ear canal, if the eardrum is damaged or, less commonly, in presence of middle ear disease self.

Symptoms:

The symptoms of otitis media are often more severe than those of otitis externa. Symptoms include: head shaking, pain, and often head tilting towards the infected ear.

Treatment:

In the case of a damaged eardrum, inflammation can be treated locally and generally with medicinal products. If the ear drum is ruptured or the infection is persistent, surgical cleaning of the tympanic cavity may be advised.

Aural Hematoma (Othematoma)

Introduction:

Following an intense head shake, with ear flapping, capillaries between the skin and cartilage of the ear may break and cause a hematoma.

Symptoms:

Swelling of the pinna can be seen and will continue to grow as the hematoma forms. Often, this inflammation will cause pain.

Treatment:

Minor bleeding is usually reabsorbed however, if the entire pinna is filled with blood, only surgery will offer a permanent solution.

Hormonal Diseases

Diabetes (Diabetes mellitus)

Introduction:

The body regulates its blood sugar and carbohydrate balance using several hormones. Low blood glucose levels are, even for a short time, incompatible with life but you can use a variety of hormones to increase them. However, blood glucose levels can only be lowered with insulin alone.

Symptoms:

A sustained rise in blood sugar leads to operational problems in many organs, and therefore the symptoms are manifested. The most prominent symptoms are: an increase in drinking (and consequent increase in urination) sweet-smelling breath, lethargy, initial obesity followed by weight loss (chronic disease), hair loss, secondary cystitis, dyskinesia, cataract formation, and shortness of breath.

Diagnosis:

Diabetes is diagnosed with blood and urine tests.

Treatment:

In milder cases a change in dietary nutrition may be sufficient but, in severe cases, insulin therapy is needed. Of course, secondary problems should also be addressed.

Hyperthyroidism

Introduction:

An overactive thyroid gland is relatively common in cats but rare in dogs. Thyroid hormones affect the strength of the body's general metabolism, and its metabolic processes speed up when these hormones are increased.

Symptoms:

The most typical symptoms of hyperthyroidism are restlessness, anxiety, aggressiveness, inability to relax, and exhaustion after a long hyperactive period. Due to their accelerated metabolic rate, food intake and gut motility increase causing diarrhea and weight loss. Myocardial infarction, myocardial thickening, tachycardia, and possible heart failure are also common. The enlargement of the thyroid gland may be noticeable on the neck, and may even cause swallowing or breathing problems.

Diagnosis:

This disease can be diagnosed by blood tests.

Treatment:

There are both conservative and surgical treatments available.

Environmental Problems

Allergies

Introduction:

As with humans, allergies have become a very common problem in our pets. Environmental hazards and stress caused by urban lifestyles can reduce the immune response of our animals, which in turn can make them react more intensely to some of the normal environmental factors (i.e. hypersensitivity reactions).

Allergy Types:

The most common allergy in animals is atopy, which is caused by the inhalation of different pollens and most often causes pruritus, allergic ear inflammation, allergic conjunctivitis, but may also cause allergic bronchitis and even asthmatic symptoms.

Food allergies, usually to the protein source in the diet, are also common, which can cause leg/feet chewing, oral and/or anal pruritus, occasional digestive issues, or diarrhea.

Often we see allergic dermatitis caused by fleas (Flea Allergic Dermatitis) when the animal reacts to the foreign proteins in the fleas' saliva which causes severe itching over the entire body.

Allergic dermatitis may also develop in localized areas, called hot spots, that are usually associated with hot summer days (and sometimes FAD) and appear as burning itchy patches on the outer legs.

A common problem is the allergic symptoms caused by the secretion of the anal glands, which can not only cause itching of the buttocks but allergic ear inflammation as well.

We may also encounter contact allergies when direct contact with an allergen causes a local skin rash, most commonly seen on the abdomen from blankets made of synthetic fibres or metal bowls causing an allergic reaction around the mouth.

The allergic symptoms listed above generally develop over a few days or period of several weeks, but sudden reactions also occur and are generally caused by insect bites, certain medications, or even vaccines. In cases of sudden allergic reactions, such as vaccine reactions, it is important to contact your veterinarian to quickly remedy the symptoms.

Allergy Symptoms:

Depending on the type of allergy, various allergic symptoms can develop. The most common allergies seen are of the skin so pruritus, scratching and chewing (and resulting damaged coat condition) as well as secondary bacterial or fungal skin infections are typical. The skin of the outer ear canal is particularly sensitive, so allergic ear inflammation is also very common causing redness, burning, itchiness, and discharge. In cases of allergic conjunctivitis we see bloodshot conjunctiva, watery eyes, and secondary serous nasal discharge as well. In the case of seasonal allergies, which typically emerge at the onset of pollen season, allergic rhinitis, serous nasal discharge, sneezing, inflammation, allergic tracheal bronchitis, and cough are common symptoms. Hypersensitivity reactions are characterized by a sudden onset of itchy eyes, lips, skin swelling, itching all over the body, malaise, or vomiting.

Allergy Diagnostics:

Determining the exact type of allergy is not always an easy task, as each type of allergy can coexist, and the secondary symptoms may mask the underlying problem. Fortunately, following the example of human allergology, veterinary allergy diagnosis has improved a lot in recent years so that today it is possible for complete, accurate, and specific allergen detection, alongside treatment on an empirical basis. This can be done with a skin allergy testing, but there is also a possibility for blood tests to demonstrate more allergic parameters, when a solution can be made based on the allergens.

Allergy Treatment:

After a precise diagnosis (i.e. according to the type of allergy) a variety of treatments are possible. Elimination of the allergen (e.g. removal of fleas with FAD, or changing diet with food allergies) is most important and should be done whenever possible. In recent years, this area has grown a lot, so the side effects of treatment drugs have been reduced, topical treatments have been developed, foods have been developed specifically for food allergies and many supplemental treatments (e.g. homeopathy) have been made available. It is also possible to treat serious allergic symptoms with custom serums based on the allergens affecting the patient.

Asthma

Introduction:

Allergy induced lower respiratory inflammation is called asthma. Most often it is caused by inhaled house dust or pollens which trigger a hypersensitivity reaction of the bronchial wall, creating allergic inflammation. The walls of the bronchi thicken and increased production of mucus develops causing the bronchial cavity can be significantly narrowed. This is very common in cats!

Symptoms:

The most common symptoms are coughing fits and shortness of breath. It is also possible to have other allergy symptoms, most often pruritus.

Diagnosis:

Asthma is usually diagnosed with chest radiographs, but airway endoscopy and sampling may also be necessary.

Treatment:

Human inhalers are not feasible in animals, so general anti-allergy treatment should be initiated along with an antitussive and expectorant.

Poisoning (TOXICOSIS)

Introduction:

In cases of sudden illness, pet owners think about poisoning more often than it actually happens. There is no time to think about poisoning, however, as, if there is a toxin involved, you have to act fast! It is essential to know exactly which poison your pet has been affected by because treatment entirely depends on the toxin.

Symptoms:

Toxic substances are most commonly taken orally by animals in which case the body will try to get rid of the poison as quickly as possible. This results in vomiting, diarrhea, fluid loss, and symptoms corresponding to any organ damage caused by absorption of the poison.

Most commonly occurring toxicoses and organ symptoms:

• Rodenticide poisoning (Dicoumarol toxicosis): hemophilia, bleeding, anemia, pale mucous membranes, jaundice, weakness.
• Antifreeze poisoning (Ethylene glycol toxicosis): weakness, loss of coordination, paralysis of the hind limbs, renal failure, decrease in urine production, muscle cramps.
• Pesticide poisoning (Organophosphate toxicosis): salivation, tremors, muscle spasms.
• Snail and slug bait poisoning (Metaldehyde toxicosis): salivation, shortness of breath, abdominal pain, tremors, rigid spasms, fever.
• Plant poisoning (Phyto toxicosis): e.g. in Rhododendron poisoning has neurological symptoms, milk grasses cause stomatitis, bloody diarrhea, bloody urine, jaundice, and convulsions may occur. Renal failure may occur with grapes and raisins.
• Poisoning by human medicine: e.g. sleeping pills, sedatives, dullness, jaundice of the mucous membranes. Paracetamol in cats causes respiratory failure, difficulty breathing, cyanotic mucous membranes, bloody or even chocolate-brown urine.
• Nitrate or Nitrite poisoning: in cats they cause dyspnea, oxygen deprivation, and cyanotic mucous membranes.
• Gramoxone poisoning (Paraquat toxicosis): a herbicide, may cause lung edema, dyspnea, crackling breath sounds.
• Certain anti-parasitic agents, such as pyrethroids, which can be used only for dogs, can cause serious poisoning in cats with severe neurological symptoms, muscle spasms
• Poisonous gases and fumes poisoning: causes dyspnea.
• Poisoning due to corrosive substances (acids, bases): skin irritation, skin swelling, if swallowed intestinal corrosion, diarrhea, vomiting.
• Dark chocolate may also be poisonous to cats.

Diagnosis:

Exact medical history is crucial in diagnosing a poisoning. Of course, toxicological tests can be carried out from various body exudates such as vomit, feces, blood, urine as well as the suspected toxin. In some cases, additional studies may be required, such as abdominal ultrasound examination with antifreeze poisoning, chest x-ray with Gramoxone poisoning, and blood clotting measurement for rat poison poisoning.

Treatment:

Treatment is only possible with accurate identification of the toxin, so it is imperative to know what poison we are dealing with. In the meantime, supportive treatment should be used, the essence of which is the removal of toxins, the inhibition of absorption, the treatment of general symptoms, and the treatment of organ failure. Most ingested toxins can be expelled by emesis, but if the toxin was applied to the skin it must be washed off. The possibility of absorption must be minimized by increasing gastrointestinal motility and administering a binding agent (e.g. charcoal). Supportive treatment is essential to hydration, then you should start a causative treatment for the particular toxin, which is very diverse.

EUROPEAN UNION PET PASSPORT(PETPASSPORT)

European UNION PETPASSPORT

It is necessary to get a pet passport for carnivore pets (dog, cat, ferret) to travel with them in the European Union. The passport can be made registered by authorized veterinarians. The conditions of making a passport are the following: the pet has to be identifiable (by microchip), and it has to have valid rabies vaccination. Besides making the passport, the veterinarian records the data to the official pet register of the Hungarian Veterinarian Chamber.

www.petvetdata.hu

You can read further information and regulations on the following websites:

Magyar Állatorvosi Kamara (MÁOK) összefoglalója országonként

www.petpassport.hu

https://www.bpallatorvos.hu/orszagonkenti.html

www.maok.hu

https://www.vam.hu/viewBase.do?elementId=4844

As Hungary is a member of the European Union, in case of travelling to another country, the pet passport is needed (if you and your pet would like to return to Hungary). But in such cases, a veterinarian permission is necessary for travelling to a non-EU country.

Marking with microchip

The most secure way to mark the pets is the microchip implantation. The microchip is a rice-sized data carrier which is placed under the skin of the pets with a special gadget. It does not hurt more than getting a vaccination so it can be done when the animal is awake. The number of the chip can be read by a microchip-reader. Data can be ordered to the chip number, and the date can be put on the data register of the Hungarian Veterinay Chamber. If a pet loses its owner, and someone who finds the pet, brings it to the vet, the contacts of the owner and the pet's data can be found by reading the chip number and typing it to the register.

www.petvetdata.hu

The unique marking is necessary for generating the European Union Petpassport.

www.petpassport.hu